Braze, Inc.

Where It Passes

Where It Falls Short

• Valuation0% pass✓ 1✗ 27▾

  No clean pass — all 13 investors flag at least one valuation criterion

  Price / 3-yr avg EPS

  ✗Graham<= 15x

  Price-to-Book Ratio8.1x

  ✗Graham<= 1.5x

  P/E x P/B

  ✗Graham<= 22.5

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  EBIT / Enterprise Value-2.8%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=-2.8%, ROC=-217.1%

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Price / EPS

  ✗Dreman< 12x✗Templeton< 12x (fixed ceiling; proxy for the market's cheapest 40%)

  Price / (CFO / Shares)70.4x

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  Price / Book Value per Share8.1x

  ✗Dreman< 1.2x✗Templeton< 1.5x✗SchlossP/B <= 0.80x (app cutoff)

  Valuation ReasonablenessOE Yield=-2.4%

  ✗MungerP/E < 25 or Owner Earnings Yield > 5%

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=1.2%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  P/B or P/E vs. Historical AverageP/B=8.1x

  ✗MarksP/E < 15 or P/B < 2.0

  Discount to Intrinsic ValueN/A (negative normalized EPS)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Price / FCF per Share81.4x

  ✗Ackman<= 25

  Price vs. Trailing Low246% of trailing low ($18.97)

  ✗Templeton<= 120% of trailing low (certified split-adjusted live window)

  Net income / market capitalization-2.13%; #3576/6340 (top 56.4%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Positive book equity / market capitalization+0.1133; #4675/6449 (top 72.5%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Price / Diluted EPS

  ✗NeffP/E <= 15x (app proxy for a P/E 40%-60% below the market)

  (EPS CAGR % + Dividend Yield %) / P/E

  ✗Neff> 0.7 (Neff's published traditional edge)

  Price / Tangible Book Value per Share16.75x

  ✗SchlossP/TBV <= 1.00x (app cutoff)

  Book Value per Share Change

  ✗SchlossLatest BVPS >= earliest BVPS over >= 3 years (app rule)

  Revenue / market capitalization+0.1575; #4007/5247 (top 76.4%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization+1.60%; #2312/4519 (top 51.2%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Trailing six-month price return through the evaluation date+145.86%; #213/6202 (top 3.4%)

  ✓OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Efficiency0% pass✗ 11▾

  All 8 investors flag BRZE's efficiency

  Current Ratio1.27

  ✗Graham>= 2.0

  ROIC (3-5 yr avg)

  ✗Buffett> 10%

  ROIC - WACC

  ✗BuffettPositive (WACC = 10%)

  EBIT / (NWC + Net Fixed Assets)-217.1%

  ✗Greenblatt> 25%

  Current Ratio Change YoY1.98 -> 1.35

  ✗PiotroskiIncreased YoY

  Revenue / Total Assets Change YoY0.68x -> 0.66x

  ✗PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities1.27

  ✗Dreman> 1.5

  Return on Invested Capital-14.3%

  ✗Munger> 15%

  ROIC (high and growing)FY2023: ROIC=unavailable; FY2024: ROIC=unavailable; FY2025: ROIC=unavailable

  ✗AkreLatest 3 consecutive FYs: ROIC > 15% in each

  Reinvestment Rate x ROIC

  ✗AkreReinvestment Rate * ROIC > 10%

  ROIC (5-year)

  ✗SleepROIC > 12% in a majority of years
• Valuation models0% pass✗ 2▾

  BRZE overvalued: all 2 models price fair value below $46.64 (median $14.73)

  Munger fair value$9.93

  ✗Munger-369.7% margin vs $46.64

  Ackman fair value$19.53

  ✗Ackman-138.8% margin vs $46.64
• Profitability6% pass✓ 6✗ 29▾

  15 of 16 flag BRZE's profitability — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +12 more

  Positive EPS (10 years)0/8 years positive

  ✗GrahamPositive EPS every year for 10 years

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)N/A (negative base EPS)

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Net Income Positive (10+ years)0/8 years positive

  ✗BuffettPositive every year for 10+ years

  ROE (up to 5-year arithmetic mean)-23.7%

  ✗Buffett> 15% arithmetic mean (app rule)

  Operating Margin (10-yr trend)-19.6% (latest)

  ✓BuffettStable or rising over 10 years

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-121.5M

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  Earnings Variance (10-yr CoV)N/A (negative mean EPS)

  ✗BuffettCoV < 0.3

  Retained Earnings Effectiveness

  ✗Buffett$1 retained -> > $1 market value created

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  ROE-18.8%

  ✗Lynch> 15%

  EBIT / Enterprise Value-2.8%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=-2.8%, ROC=-217.1%

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Net Income / Total Assets-11.79%

  ✗PiotroskiROA > 0

  ROA Change YoY-11.91% -> -11.79% (delta: +0.12%)

  ✓PiotroskiCurrent ROA > Prior ROA

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=6.41%, ROA=-11.79%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Gross Margin Change YoY69.1% -> 67.1%

  ✗PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Pre-Tax Income / Revenue-11.8%

  ✗Dreman>= 8%

  Net Income / Shareholders' Equity-18.8%

  ✗Dreman> 12%

  Margin of SafetyP/B=8.1x

  ✗PabraiP/B < 1.5 or P/E < 15

  Return on Equity-24.0% (3-yr avg)

  ✗AkreROE > 20% (3-year avg)

  Discount to Intrinsic ValueN/A (negative normalized EPS)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Positive Net Income Frequency0/7 years positive

  ✗MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  Operating Income / Revenue-13.4%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  Net Income / Shareholders Equity-18.8%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  5-Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Operating Margin Trend-30.7% (2023) -> -19.6% (2025)

  ✓TempletonNon-negative operating-margin trend over 3 years

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 68.7% -> 67.1%, operating margin -30.7% -> -19.6%

  ✓SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  Net income / market capitalization-2.13%; #3576/6340 (top 56.4%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Gross profit / total assets+48.89%; #689/3702 (top 18.6%)

  ✓AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Net income / positive book equity-18.83%; #3658/5226 (top 70.0%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Negative 5-year standard deviation of ROA-0.0321; #1992/5884 (top 33.9%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized

  Positive Diluted-EPS Years0/7 years positive

  ✗Schloss>= 70% positive over 5-10 observed years (app rule)
• Verdicts19% pass✓ 3✗ 13▾

  Split decision: 12 FAIL · 3 PASS · 1 NEUTRAL

  Overall verdict

  ✗GrahamFAIL (1/9)✗BuffettFAIL (1/9)✗LynchFAIL (3/7)✗GreenblattRank #2442✓PiotroskiPASS (F-Score 4)✗DremanFAIL (2/11)✗MungerFAIL (1/4)✗PabraiFAIL (0/3)✗AkreFAIL (2/6)✗MarksFAIL (0/5)✓AckmanPASS (5/9)✗TempletonFAIL (3/8)✓SleepPASS (3/6)✗AsnessFAIL (Rank #795/2370 (Top 33.5%))✗NeffFAIL (2/6)✗SchlossFAIL (1/7)•OshaughnessyNEUTRAL (Not ranked)
• Growth25% pass✓ 5✗ 8▾

  6 of 8 flag BRZE's growth — Graham, Lynch, Dreman +3 more

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)N/A (negative base EPS)

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  Inventory Growth vs Revenue GrowthN/A (no inventory)

  ✓LynchInventory growth < Revenue growth

  EPS Growth Direction$-1.96 (2019) -> $-1.22 (2025)

  ✗DremanPositive over recent years

  EPS CAGR

  ✗Dreman> 5% annualized

  Positive Net Income Frequency0/7 years positive

  ✗MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  3yr Median Revenue Growth25.8%

  ✓Ackman>= 5%

  Positive EPS Growth Frequency3/5 years with positive EPS growth

  ✓AckmanPositive EPS growth in >= 3 of last 5 years

  5-Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 68.7% -> 67.1%, operating margin -30.7% -> -19.6%

  ✓SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  5-year Revenue CAGR37.5%

  ✓SleepCAGR > 7%

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized
• Cash Flow30% pass✓ 4✗ 8▾

  7 of 10 flag BRZE's cash flow — Buffett, Dreman, Pabrai +4 more

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-121.5M

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  FCF Positive and Growing$84.6M

  ✓LynchPositive and growing

  Operating Cash Flow$71.4M

  ✓PiotroskiCFO > 0

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=6.41%, ROA=-11.79%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Price / (CFO / Shares)70.4x

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=1.2%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  FCF Positive2/7 years FCF positive

  ✗MarksPositive FCF in majority of recent years

  (OCF - CapEx) / Market Cap1.7%

  ✗Ackman>= 4%

  Price / FCF per Share81.4x

  ✗Ackman<= 25

  Positive Operating Cash Flow frequency3/7 years positive

  ✗SleepPositive OCF in >= 70% of available years

  Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures$84.6M

  ✓Neff> $0 (app proxy for a strong fundamental case)

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization+1.60%; #2312/4519 (top 51.2%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Debt & Leverage50% pass✓ 9✗ 6▾

  6 of 12 pass — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +3 more object

  LT Debt vs Net Current Assets

  ✗GrahamLT Debt <= Net Current Assets

  Debt/Equity & Interest Coverage

  ✗BuffettD/E < 0.5 AND Interest Coverage > 5x

  Total Debt / Equity0.03

  ✓Lynch< 0.33

  Cash - Long-term Debt

  ✗LynchPositive preferred

  LT Debt / Total Assets Change0.00% -> 0.00%

  ✓PiotroskiDecreased YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities1.27

  ✗Dreman> 1.5✗SchlossCurrent ratio >= 1.50x (app cutoff)

  Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity0.03

  ✓Dreman< 0.8✓Templeton< 1.0 (fixed cap; proxy for below-sector-median leverage)✓SchlossD/E < 1.00x

  Debt Levels0.03

  ✓MungerDebt/Equity < 0.5✓AkreDebt/Equity < 0.3

  Interest Coverage & Debt/EBITDA

  ✗MarksInterest Coverage > 3x; Debt/EBITDA < 4x

  Total Debt / Shareholders Equity0.03

  ✓Ackman<= 1.0

  Negative debt-to-equity (higher means less debt)-0.0254; #806/4210 (top 19.1%)

  ✓AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section