FREQUENCY ELECTRONICS INC

Where It Passes

Where It Falls Short

• Profitability0% pass✓ 3✗ 32▾

  No clean pass — all 16 investors flag at least one profitability criterion

  Positive EPS (10 years)9/17 years positive

  ✗GrahamPositive EPS every year for 10 years

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)24.9%

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Net Income Positive (10+ years)9/17 years positive

  ✗BuffettPositive every year for 10+ years

  ROE (up to 5-year arithmetic mean)4.0%

  ✗Buffett> 15% arithmetic mean (app rule)

  Operating Margin (10-yr trend)-4.7% (latest)

  ✗BuffettStable or rising over 10 years

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-1.9M

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  Earnings Variance (10-yr CoV)11.74

  ✗BuffettCoV < 0.3

  Retained Earnings Effectiveness

  ✗Buffett$1 retained -> > $1 market value created

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  ROE2.2%

  ✗Lynch> 15%

  EBIT / Enterprise Value-0.4%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=-0.4%, ROC=-9.2%

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Net Income / Total Assets-1.00%

  ✗PiotroskiROA > 0

  ROA Change YoY25.27% -> -1.00% (delta: -26.26%)

  ✗PiotroskiCurrent ROA > Prior ROA

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=1.41%, ROA=-1.00%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Gross Margin Change YoY43.1% -> 29.1%

  ✗PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Pre-Tax Income / Revenue2.4%

  ✗Dreman>= 8%

  Net Income / Shareholders' Equity2.2%

  ✗Dreman> 12%

  Margin of SafetyP/B=11.2x

  ✗PabraiP/B < 1.5 or P/E < 15

  Return on Equity18.3% (3-yr avg)

  ✗AkreROE > 20% (3-year avg)

  Discount to Intrinsic Value-330.9% (IV=$14.80 vs Price=$63.77)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Positive Net Income Frequency9/16 years positive

  ✓MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  Operating Income / Revenue2.5%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  Net Income / Shareholders Equity2.2%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  5-Year EPS CAGR143.5% CAGR over 4 years

  ✓Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Operating Margin Trend9.1% (2023) -> -4.7% (2025)

  ✗TempletonNon-negative operating-margin trend over 3 years

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 33.6% -> 29.1%, operating margin 9.1% -> -4.7%

  ✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  Net income / market capitalization+0.37%; #3099/6340 (top 48.9%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Gross profit / total assets+15.67%; #2385/3702 (top 64.4%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Net income / positive book equity+2.24%; #2739/5226 (top 52.4%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Negative 5-year standard deviation of ROA-0.1271; #3776/5884 (top 64.2%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR143.5% over 4 years

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized

  Positive Diluted-EPS Years3/8 years positive

  ✗Schloss>= 70% positive over 5-10 observed years (app rule)
• Valuation0% pass✗ 28▾

  All 13 investors flag FEIM's valuation

  Price / 3-yr avg EPS64.6x

  ✗Graham<= 15x

  Price-to-Book Ratio11.2x

  ✗Graham<= 1.5x

  P/E x P/B721.20

  ✗Graham<= 22.5

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  EBIT / Enterprise Value-0.4%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=-0.4%, ROC=-9.2%

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Price / EPS

  ✗Dreman< 12x✗Templeton< 12x (fixed ceiling; proxy for the market's cheapest 40%)

  Price / (CFO / Shares)490.9x

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  Price / Book Value per Share11.2x

  ✗Dreman< 1.2x✗Templeton< 1.5x✗SchlossP/B <= 0.80x (app cutoff)

  Valuation ReasonablenessOE Yield=-0.3%

  ✗MungerP/E < 25 or Owner Earnings Yield > 5%

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=-0.2%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  P/B or P/E vs. Historical AverageP/B=11.2x

  ✗MarksP/E < 15 or P/B < 2.0

  Discount to Intrinsic Value-330.9% (IV=$14.80 vs Price=$63.77)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Price / FCF per ShareN/A (negative FCF)

  ✗Ackman<= 25

  Price vs. Trailing Low407% of trailing low ($15.65)

  ✗Templeton<= 120% of trailing low (certified split-adjusted live window)

  Net income / market capitalization+0.37%; #3099/6340 (top 48.9%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Positive book equity / market capitalization+0.1667; #4372/6449 (top 67.8%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Price / Diluted EPS

  ✗NeffP/E <= 15x (app proxy for a P/E 40%-60% below the market)

  (EPS CAGR % + Dividend Yield %) / P/E

  ✗Neff> 0.7 (Neff's published traditional edge)

  Price / Tangible Book Value per Share11.20x

  ✗SchlossP/TBV <= 1.00x (app cutoff)

  Book Value per Share Change-4.9%

  ✗SchlossLatest BVPS >= earliest BVPS over >= 3 years (app rule)

  Revenue / market capitalization+0.1014; #4333/5247 (top 82.6%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization-0.03%; #2543/4519 (top 56.3%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Trailing six-month price return through the evaluation date+16.37%; #1535/6202 (top 24.8%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Valuation models0% pass✗ 4▾

  FEIM overvalued: all 4 models price fair value below $63.77 (median $9.26)

  Greenblatt fair value$3.67

  ✗Greenblatt-1637.6% margin vs $63.77

  Dreman fair value$14.80

  ✗Dreman-330.9% margin vs $63.77

  Akre fair value$3.71

  ✗Akre-1618.9% margin vs $63.77

  Templeton fair value$14.80

  ✗Templeton-330.9% margin vs $63.77
• Verdicts7% pass✓ 1✗ 14▾

  Split decision: 13 FAIL · 2 NEUTRAL · 1 PASS

  Overall verdict

  ✗GrahamFAIL (1/9)✗BuffettFAIL (0/9)✗LynchFAIL (1/7)✗GreenblattRank #1921✓PiotroskiPASS (F-Score 4)✗DremanFAIL (2/11)✗MungerFAIL (0/4)✗PabraiFAIL (0/3)✗AkreFAIL (1/6)✗MarksFAIL (1/5)✗AckmanFAIL (2/9)✗TempletonFAIL (2/8)✗SleepFAIL (2/6)•AsnessNEUTRAL (Not ranked)✗NeffFAIL (1/6)✗SchlossFAIL (1/7)•OshaughnessyNEUTRAL (Not ranked)
• Debt & Leverage8% pass✓ 3✗ 12▾

  11 of 12 flag FEIM's debt & leverage — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +8 more

  LT Debt vs Net Current Assets

  ✗GrahamLT Debt <= Net Current Assets

  Debt/Equity & Interest Coverage

  ✗BuffettD/E < 0.5 AND Interest Coverage > 5x

  Total Debt / Equity

  ✗Lynch< 0.33

  Cash - Long-term Debt

  ✗LynchPositive preferred

  LT Debt / Total Assets Change0.00% -> 0.00%

  ✓PiotroskiDecreased YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities5.34

  ✓Dreman> 1.5✓SchlossCurrent ratio >= 1.50x (app cutoff)

  Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity

  ✗Dreman< 0.8✗Templeton< 1.0 (fixed cap; proxy for below-sector-median leverage)✗SchlossD/E < 1.00x

  Debt Levels

  ✗MungerDebt/Equity < 0.5✗AkreDebt/Equity < 0.3

  Interest Coverage & Debt/EBITDAIC=-34.5x, D/EBITDA=N/A

  ✗MarksInterest Coverage > 3x; Debt/EBITDA < 4x

  Total Debt / Shareholders Equity

  ✗Ackman<= 1.0

  Negative debt-to-equity (higher means less debt)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section
• Cash Flow20% pass✓ 3✗ 9▾

  8 of 10 flag FEIM's cash flow — Buffett, Lynch, Dreman +5 more

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-1.9M

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  FCF Positive and Growing$-0.2M

  ✗LynchPositive and growing

  Operating Cash Flow$1.3M

  ✓PiotroskiCFO > 0

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=1.41%, ROA=-1.00%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Price / (CFO / Shares)490.9x

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=-0.2%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  FCF Positive7/16 years FCF positive

  ✗MarksPositive FCF in majority of recent years

  (OCF - CapEx) / Market Cap-0.0%

  ✗Ackman>= 4%

  Price / FCF per ShareN/A (negative FCF)

  ✗Ackman<= 25

  Positive Operating Cash Flow frequency13/16 years positive

  ✓SleepPositive OCF in >= 70% of available years

  Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures$-0.2M

  ✗Neff> $0 (app proxy for a strong fundamental case)

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization-0.03%; #2543/4519 (top 56.3%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Growth25% pass✓ 5✗ 8▾

  6 of 8 flag FEIM's growth — Graham, Lynch, Dreman +3 more

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)24.9%

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  Inventory Growth vs Revenue GrowthInv: -10.4% vs Rev: 6.3%

  ✓LynchInventory growth < Revenue growth

  EPS Growth Direction$0.72 (2010) -> $-0.09 (2025)

  ✗DremanPositive over recent years

  EPS CAGR9.2% CAGR over 14 years

  ✓Dreman> 5% annualized

  Positive Net Income Frequency9/16 years positive

  ✓MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  3yr Median Revenue Growth26.3%

  ✓Ackman>= 5%

  Positive EPS Growth Frequency1/2 years with positive EPS growth

  ✗AckmanPositive EPS growth in >= 3 of last 5 years

  5-Year EPS CAGR143.5% CAGR over 4 years

  ✓Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 33.6% -> 29.1%, operating margin 9.1% -> -4.7%

  ✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  5-year Revenue CAGR3.1%

  ✗SleepCAGR > 7%

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR143.5% over 4 years

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized
• Efficiency25% pass✓ 3✗ 8▾

  6 of 8 flag FEIM's efficiency — Buffett, Greenblatt, Piotroski +3 more

  Current Ratio5.34

  ✓Graham>= 2.0

  ROIC (3-5 yr avg)-4.2%

  ✗Buffett> 10%

  ROIC - WACC-14.2%

  ✗BuffettPositive (WACC = 10%)

  EBIT / (NWC + Net Fixed Assets)-9.2%

  ✗Greenblatt> 25%

  Current Ratio Change YoY2.26 -> 2.29

  ✓PiotroskiIncreased YoY

  Revenue / Total Assets Change YoY0.74x -> 0.70x

  ✗PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities5.34

  ✓Dreman> 1.5

  Return on Invested Capital

  ✗Munger> 15%

  ROIC (high and growing)FY2023: ROIC=unavailable; FY2024: ROIC=unavailable; FY2025: ROIC=unavailable

  ✗AkreLatest 3 consecutive FYs: ROIC > 15% in each

  Reinvestment Rate x ROIC

  ✗AkreReinvestment Rate * ROIC > 10%

  ROIC (5-year)

  ✗SleepROIC > 12% in a majority of years