InnovAge Holding Corp.

Where It Passes

Where It Falls Short

• Profitability0% pass✓ 5✗ 30▾

  No clean pass — all 16 investors flag at least one profitability criterion

  Positive EPS (10 years)1/7 years positive

  ✗GrahamPositive EPS every year for 10 years

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)N/A (negative base EPS)

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Net Income Positive (10+ years)1/7 years positive

  ✗BuffettPositive every year for 10+ years

  ROE (up to 5-year arithmetic mean)-9.9%

  ✗Buffett> 15% arithmetic mean (app rule)

  Operating Margin (10-yr trend)-3.5% (latest)

  ✗BuffettStable or rising over 10 years

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-17.1M

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  Earnings Variance (10-yr CoV)N/A (negative mean EPS)

  ✗BuffettCoV < 0.3

  Retained Earnings Effectiveness

  ✗Buffett$1 retained -> > $1 market value created

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  ROE3.5%

  ✗Lynch> 15%

  EBIT / Enterprise Value1.2%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=1.2%, ROC=18.5%

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Net Income / Total Assets-5.75%

  ✗PiotroskiROA > 0

  ROA Change YoY-3.90% -> -5.75% (delta: -1.86%)

  ✗PiotroskiCurrent ROA > Prior ROA

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=6.24%, ROA=-5.75%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Gross Margin Change YoY17.3% -> 18.0%

  ✓PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Pre-Tax Income / Revenue

  ✗Dreman>= 8%

  Net Income / Shareholders' Equity3.5%

  ✗Dreman> 12%

  Margin of SafetyP/B=5.5x

  ✗PabraiP/B < 1.5 or P/E < 15

  Return on Equity-11.5% (3-yr avg)

  ✗AkreROE > 20% (3-year avg)

  Discount to Intrinsic ValueN/A (negative normalized EPS)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Positive Net Income Frequency1/6 years positive

  ✗MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  Operating Income / Revenue1.4%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  Net Income / Shareholders Equity3.5%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  5-Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Operating Margin Trend-7.2% (2022) -> -3.5% (2024)

  ✓TempletonNon-negative operating-margin trend over 3 years

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 14.7% -> 18.0%, operating margin -7.2% -> -3.5%

  ✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  Net income / market capitalization+0.70%; #3047/6340 (top 48.1%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Gross profit / total assets+42.63%; #882/3702 (top 23.8%)

  ✓AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Net income / positive book equity+3.52%; #2616/5226 (top 50.1%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Negative 5-year standard deviation of ROA-0.0251; #1701/5884 (top 28.9%)

  ✓AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized

  Positive Diluted-EPS Years1/6 years positive

  ✗Schloss>= 70% positive over 5-10 observed years (app rule)
• Valuation0% pass✓ 1✗ 27▾

  No clean pass — all 13 investors flag at least one valuation criterion

  Price / 3-yr avg EPS

  ✗Graham<= 15x

  Price-to-Book Ratio5.5x

  ✗Graham<= 1.5x

  P/E x P/B

  ✗Graham<= 22.5

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  EBIT / Enterprise Value1.2%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=1.2%, ROC=18.5%

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Price / EPS

  ✗Dreman< 12x✗Templeton< 12x (fixed ceiling; proxy for the market's cheapest 40%)

  Price / (CFO / Shares)39.1x

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  Price / Book Value per Share5.5x

  ✗Dreman< 1.2x✗Templeton< 1.5x✗SchlossP/B <= 0.80x (app cutoff)

  Valuation ReasonablenessOE Yield=-1.3%

  ✗MungerP/E < 25 or Owner Earnings Yield > 5%

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=2.1%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  P/B or P/E vs. Historical AverageP/B=5.5x

  ✗MarksP/E < 15 or P/B < 2.0

  Discount to Intrinsic ValueN/A (negative normalized EPS)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Price / FCF per Share48.2x

  ✗Ackman<= 25

  Price vs. Trailing Low318% of trailing low ($2.98)

  ✗Templeton<= 120% of trailing low (certified split-adjusted live window)

  Net income / market capitalization+0.70%; #3047/6340 (top 48.1%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Positive book equity / market capitalization+0.1976; #4202/6449 (top 65.2%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Price / Diluted EPS

  ✗NeffP/E <= 15x (app proxy for a P/E 40%-60% below the market)

  (EPS CAGR % + Dividend Yield %) / P/E

  ✗Neff> 0.7 (Neff's published traditional edge)

  Price / Tangible Book Value per Share14.41x

  ✗SchlossP/TBV <= 1.00x (app cutoff)

  Book Value per Share Change+127.6%

  ✓SchlossLatest BVPS >= earliest BVPS over >= 3 years (app rule)

  Revenue / market capitalization+0.7881; #2059/5247 (top 39.2%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization+5.91%; #1382/4519 (top 30.6%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Trailing six-month price return through the evaluation date+15.49%; #1571/6202 (top 25.3%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Growth0% pass✓ 3✗ 10▾

  No clean pass — all 8 investors flag at least one growth criterion

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)N/A (negative base EPS)

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  Inventory Growth vs Revenue GrowthN/A (no inventory)

  ✓LynchInventory growth < Revenue growth

  EPS Growth Direction$0.19 (2019) -> $-0.22 (2024)

  ✗DremanPositive over recent years

  EPS CAGR

  ✗Dreman> 5% annualized

  Positive Net Income Frequency1/6 years positive

  ✗MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  3yr Median Revenue Growth11.0%

  ✓Ackman>= 5%

  Positive EPS Growth Frequency2/5 years with positive EPS growth

  ✗AckmanPositive EPS growth in >= 3 of last 5 years

  5-Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 14.7% -> 18.0%, operating margin -7.2% -> -3.5%

  ✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  5-year Revenue CAGR8.5%

  ✓SleepCAGR > 7%

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized
• Efficiency0% pass✓ 1✗ 10▾

  No clean pass — all 8 investors flag at least one efficiency criterion

  Current Ratio1.16

  ✗Graham>= 2.0

  ROIC (3-5 yr avg)-7.9%

  ✗Buffett> 10%

  ROIC - WACC-17.9%

  ✗BuffettPositive (WACC = 10%)

  EBIT / (NWC + Net Fixed Assets)18.5%

  ✗Greenblatt> 25%

  Current Ratio Change YoY1.25 -> 1.07

  ✗PiotroskiIncreased YoY

  Revenue / Total Assets Change YoY1.39x -> 1.62x

  ✓PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities1.16

  ✗Dreman> 1.5

  Return on Invested Capital3.8%

  ✗Munger> 15%

  ROIC (high and growing)FY2022: ROIC=-10.7%; FY2023: ROIC=-5.5%; FY2024: ROIC=-8.0%

  ✗AkreLatest 3 consecutive FYs: ROIC > 15% in each

  Reinvestment Rate x ROICN/A (non-positive net income)

  ✗AkreReinvestment Rate * ROIC > 10%

  ROIC (5-year)0/5 years above 12% (latest -8.0%)

  ✗SleepROIC > 12% in a majority of years
• Valuation models0% pass✗ 2▾

  INNV overvalued: all 2 models price fair value below $9.47 (median $4.62)

  Munger fair value$4.00

  ✗Munger-136.8% margin vs $9.47

  Ackman fair value$5.23

  ✗Ackman-81.1% margin vs $9.47
• Verdicts27% pass✓ 4✗ 11▾

  Split decision: 10 FAIL · 3 PASS · 2 NEUTRAL · 1 BUY

  Overall verdict

  ✗GrahamFAIL (1/9)✗BuffettFAIL (0/9)✗LynchFAIL (4/7)✗GreenblattRank #1575•PiotroskiNEUTRAL (F-Score 6)✗DremanFAIL (2/11)✓MungerPASS (2/4)✗PabraiFAIL (0/3)✗AkreFAIL (2/6)✗MarksFAIL (0/5)✓AckmanPASS (4/9)✗TempletonFAIL (3/8)✓SleepPASS (3/6)✓AsnessBUY (Rank #525/2370 (Top 22.2%))✗NeffFAIL (2/6)✗SchlossFAIL (2/7)•OshaughnessyNEUTRAL (Not ranked)
• Cash Flow30% pass✓ 5✗ 7▾

  7 of 10 flag INNV's cash flow — Buffett, Dreman, Pabrai +4 more

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-17.1M

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  FCF Positive and Growing$26.6M

  ✓LynchPositive and growing

  Operating Cash Flow$32.9M

  ✓PiotroskiCFO > 0

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=6.24%, ROA=-5.75%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Price / (CFO / Shares)39.1x

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=2.1%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  FCF Positive2/6 years FCF positive

  ✗MarksPositive FCF in majority of recent years

  (OCF - CapEx) / Market Cap5.9%

  ✓Ackman>= 4%

  Price / FCF per Share48.2x

  ✗Ackman<= 25

  Positive Operating Cash Flow frequency4/6 years positive

  ✗SleepPositive OCF in >= 70% of available years

  Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures$76.3M

  ✓Neff> $0 (app proxy for a strong fundamental case)

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization+5.91%; #1382/4519 (top 30.6%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Debt & Leverage50% pass✓ 9✗ 6▾

  6 of 12 pass — Graham, Buffett, Dreman +3 more object

  LT Debt vs Net Current AssetsLT Debt $45.0M vs NCA $31.3M

  ✗GrahamLT Debt <= Net Current Assets

  Debt/Equity & Interest CoverageD/E: 0.25, IC: -6.8x

  ✗BuffettD/E < 0.5 AND Interest Coverage > 5x

  Total Debt / Equity0.19

  ✓Lynch< 0.33

  Cash - Long-term Debt$74.3M

  ✓LynchPositive preferred

  LT Debt / Total Assets Change11.23% -> 10.91%

  ✓PiotroskiDecreased YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities1.16

  ✗Dreman> 1.5✗SchlossCurrent ratio >= 1.50x (app cutoff)

  Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity0.19

  ✓Dreman< 0.8✓Templeton< 1.0 (fixed cap; proxy for below-sector-median leverage)✓SchlossD/E < 1.00x

  Debt Levels0.19

  ✓MungerDebt/Equity < 0.5✓AkreDebt/Equity < 0.3

  Interest Coverage & Debt/EBITDAIC=-6.8x, D/EBITDA=N/A

  ✗MarksInterest Coverage > 3x; Debt/EBITDA < 4x

  Total Debt / Shareholders Equity0.19

  ✓Ackman<= 1.0

  Negative debt-to-equity (higher means less debt)-0.1861; #1631/4210 (top 38.7%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section