Ouster, Inc.

Where It Passes

Where It Falls Short

• Profitability0% pass✓ 5✗ 30▾

  No clean pass — all 16 investors flag at least one profitability criterion

  Positive EPS (10 years)0/8 years positive

  ✗GrahamPositive EPS every year for 10 years

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)N/A (negative base EPS)

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Net Income Positive (10+ years)0/8 years positive

  ✗BuffettPositive every year for 10+ years

  ROE (up to 5-year arithmetic mean)-80.3%

  ✗Buffett> 15% arithmetic mean (app rule)

  Operating Margin (10-yr trend)-43.7% (latest)

  ✓BuffettStable or rising over 10 years

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-66.5M

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  Earnings Variance (10-yr CoV)N/A (negative mean EPS)

  ✗BuffettCoV < 0.3

  Retained Earnings Effectiveness

  ✗Buffett$1 retained -> > $1 market value created

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  ROE-8.2%

  ✗Lynch> 15%

  EBIT / Enterprise Value-3.1%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=-3.1%, ROC=-42.9%

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Net Income / Total Assets-17.27%

  ✗PiotroskiROA > 0

  ROA Change YoY-35.14% -> -17.27% (delta: +17.87%)

  ✓PiotroskiCurrent ROA > Prior ROA

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=-11.43%, ROA=-17.27%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Gross Margin Change YoY36.4% -> 49.3%

  ✓PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Pre-Tax Income / Revenue-20.2%

  ✗Dreman>= 8%

  Net Income / Shareholders' Equity-8.2%

  ✗Dreman> 12%

  Margin of SafetyP/B=7.8x

  ✗PabraiP/B < 1.5 or P/E < 15

  Return on Equity-95.0% (3-yr avg)

  ✗AkreROE > 20% (3-year avg)

  Discount to Intrinsic ValueN/A (negative normalized EPS)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Positive Net Income Frequency0/7 years positive

  ✗MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  Operating Income / Revenue-25.6%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  Net Income / Shareholders Equity-8.2%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  5-Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Operating Margin Trend-448.1% (2023) -> -43.7% (2025)

  ✓TempletonNon-negative operating-margin trend over 3 years

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 10.0% -> 49.3%, operating margin -448.1% -> -43.7%

  ✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  Net income / market capitalization-1.87%; #3540/6340 (top 55.8%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Gross profit / total assets+16.86%; #2287/3702 (top 61.8%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Net income / positive book equity-8.15%; #3343/5226 (top 64.0%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Negative 5-year standard deviation of ROA-0.3368; #4674/5884 (top 79.4%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized

  Positive Diluted-EPS Years0/7 years positive

  ✗Schloss>= 70% positive over 5-10 observed years (app rule)
• Valuation0% pass✗ 28▾

  All 13 investors flag OUST's valuation

  Price / 3-yr avg EPS

  ✗Graham<= 15x

  Price-to-Book Ratio7.8x

  ✗Graham<= 1.5x

  P/E x P/B

  ✗Graham<= 22.5

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  EBIT / Enterprise Value-3.1%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=-3.1%, ROC=-42.9%

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Price / EPS

  ✗Dreman< 12x✗Templeton< 12x (fixed ceiling; proxy for the market's cheapest 40%)

  Price / (CFO / Shares)N/A (negative CFPS)

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  Price / Book Value per Share7.8x

  ✗Dreman< 1.2x✗Templeton< 1.5x✗SchlossP/B <= 0.80x (app cutoff)

  Valuation ReasonablenessOE Yield=-3.8%

  ✗MungerP/E < 25 or Owner Earnings Yield > 5%

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=-2.7%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  P/B or P/E vs. Historical AverageP/B=7.8x

  ✗MarksP/E < 15 or P/B < 2.0

  Discount to Intrinsic ValueN/A (negative normalized EPS)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Price / FCF per ShareN/A (negative FCF)

  ✗Ackman<= 25

  Price vs. Trailing Low451% of trailing low ($7.43)

  ✗Templeton<= 120% of trailing low (certified split-adjusted live window)

  Net income / market capitalization-1.87%; #3540/6340 (top 55.8%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Positive book equity / market capitalization+0.2297; #4038/6449 (top 62.6%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Price / Diluted EPS

  ✗NeffP/E <= 15x (app proxy for a P/E 40%-60% below the market)

  (EPS CAGR % + Dividend Yield %) / P/E

  ✗Neff> 0.7 (Neff's published traditional edge)

  Price / Tangible Book Value per Share8.21x

  ✗SchlossP/TBV <= 1.00x (app cutoff)

  Book Value per Share Change

  ✗SchlossLatest BVPS >= earliest BVPS over >= 3 years (app rule)

  Revenue / market capitalization+0.0919; #4377/5247 (top 83.4%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization-3.99%; #2897/4519 (top 64.1%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Trailing six-month price return through the evaluation date+24.18%; #1192/6202 (top 19.2%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Cash Flow0% pass✓ 1✗ 11▾

  No clean pass — all 10 investors flag at least one cash flow criterion

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-66.5M

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  FCF Positive and Growing$-97.4M

  ✗LynchPositive and growing

  Operating Cash Flow$-40.0M

  ✗PiotroskiCFO > 0

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=-11.43%, ROA=-17.27%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Price / (CFO / Shares)N/A (negative CFPS)

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=-2.7%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  FCF Positive0/7 years FCF positive

  ✗MarksPositive FCF in majority of recent years

  (OCF - CapEx) / Market Cap-4.8%

  ✗Ackman>= 4%

  Price / FCF per ShareN/A (negative FCF)

  ✗Ackman<= 25

  Positive Operating Cash Flow frequency0/7 years positive

  ✗SleepPositive OCF in >= 70% of available years

  Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures$-97.4M

  ✗Neff> $0 (app proxy for a strong fundamental case)

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization-3.99%; #2897/4519 (top 64.1%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Verdicts7% pass✓ 1✗ 13▾

  Split decision: 12 FAIL · 3 NEUTRAL · 1 PASS

  Overall verdict

  ✗GrahamFAIL (2/9)✗BuffettFAIL (1/9)✗LynchFAIL (0/7)✗GreenblattRank #2174•PiotroskiNEUTRAL (F-Score 6)✗DremanFAIL (2/11)✗MungerFAIL (0/4)✗PabraiFAIL (0/3)✗AkreFAIL (0/6)✗MarksFAIL (0/5)✓AckmanPASS (4/9)✗TempletonFAIL (2/8)✗SleepFAIL (2/6)•AsnessNEUTRAL (Not ranked)✗NeffFAIL (1/6)✗SchlossFAIL (1/7)•OshaughnessyNEUTRAL (Not ranked)
• Debt & Leverage8% pass✓ 3✗ 12▾

  11 of 12 flag OUST's debt & leverage — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +8 more

  LT Debt vs Net Current Assets

  ✗GrahamLT Debt <= Net Current Assets

  Debt/Equity & Interest Coverage

  ✗BuffettD/E < 0.5 AND Interest Coverage > 5x

  Total Debt / Equity

  ✗Lynch< 0.33

  Cash - Long-term Debt

  ✗LynchPositive preferred

  LT Debt / Total Assets Change0.00% -> 0.00%

  ✓PiotroskiDecreased YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities7.13

  ✓Dreman> 1.5✓SchlossCurrent ratio >= 1.50x (app cutoff)

  Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity

  ✗Dreman< 0.8✗Templeton< 1.0 (fixed cap; proxy for below-sector-median leverage)✗SchlossD/E < 1.00x

  Debt Levels

  ✗MungerDebt/Equity < 0.5✗AkreDebt/Equity < 0.3

  Interest Coverage & Debt/EBITDA

  ✗MarksInterest Coverage > 3x; Debt/EBITDA < 4x

  Total Debt / Shareholders Equity

  ✗Ackman<= 1.0

  Negative debt-to-equity (higher means less debt)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section
• Growth13% pass✓ 3✗ 10▾

  7 of 8 flag OUST's growth — Graham, Lynch, Dreman +4 more

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)N/A (negative base EPS)

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  Inventory Growth vs Revenue GrowthInv: 121.2% vs Rev: 63.7%

  ✗LynchInventory growth < Revenue growth

  EPS Growth Direction$-6.99 (2019) -> $-1.07 (2025)

  ✗DremanPositive over recent years

  EPS CAGR

  ✗Dreman> 5% annualized

  Positive Net Income Frequency0/7 years positive

  ✗MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  3yr Median Revenue Growth52.5%

  ✓Ackman>= 5%

  Positive EPS Growth Frequency3/5 years with positive EPS growth

  ✓AckmanPositive EPS growth in >= 3 of last 5 years

  5-Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 10.0% -> 49.3%, operating margin -448.1% -> -43.7%

  ✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  5-year Revenue CAGR55.0%

  ✓SleepCAGR > 7%

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized
• Efficiency38% pass✓ 4✗ 7▾

  5 of 8 flag OUST's efficiency — Buffett, Greenblatt, Munger +2 more

  Current Ratio7.13

  ✓Graham>= 2.0

  ROIC (3-5 yr avg)-115.7%

  ✗Buffett> 10%

  ROIC - WACC-125.7%

  ✗BuffettPositive (WACC = 10%)

  EBIT / (NWC + Net Fixed Assets)-42.9%

  ✗Greenblatt> 25%

  Current Ratio Change YoY2.80 -> 3.93

  ✓PiotroskiIncreased YoY

  Revenue / Total Assets Change YoY0.40x -> 0.48x

  ✓PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities7.13

  ✓Dreman> 1.5

  Return on Invested Capital

  ✗Munger> 15%

  ROIC (high and growing)FY2023: ROIC=-131.8%; FY2024: ROIC=-45.5%; FY2025: ROIC=unavailable

  ✗AkreLatest 3 consecutive FYs: ROIC > 15% in each

  Reinvestment Rate x ROIC

  ✗AkreReinvestment Rate * ROIC > 10%

  ROIC (5-year)0/4 years above 12% (latest -45.5%)

  ✗SleepROIC > 12% in a majority of years