SOUNDTHINKING, INC.

Where It Passes

Where It Falls Short

• Growth0% pass✓ 4✗ 9▾

  No clean pass — all 8 investors flag at least one growth criterion

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)N/A (negative base EPS)

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  Inventory Growth vs Revenue GrowthN/A (no inventory)

  ✓LynchInventory growth < Revenue growth

  EPS Growth Direction$-3.99 (2015) -> $-0.74 (2025)

  ✗DremanPositive over recent years

  EPS CAGR51.3% CAGR over 3 years

  ✓Dreman> 5% annualized

  Positive Net Income Frequency3/11 years positive

  ✗MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  3yr Median Revenue Growth10.0%

  ✓Ackman>= 5%

  Positive EPS Growth Frequency1/5 years with positive EPS growth

  ✗AckmanPositive EPS growth in >= 3 of last 5 years

  5-Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 56.9% -> 54.4%, operating margin -1.3% -> -8.4%

  ✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  5-year Revenue CAGR17.9%

  ✓SleepCAGR > 7%

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR51.3% over 3 years

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized
• Profitability6% pass✓ 4✗ 31▾

  15 of 16 flag SSTI's profitability — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +12 more

  Positive EPS (10 years)3/12 years positive

  ✗GrahamPositive EPS every year for 10 years

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)N/A (negative base EPS)

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Net Income Positive (10+ years)3/12 years positive

  ✗BuffettPositive every year for 10+ years

  ROE (up to 5-year arithmetic mean)-6.4%

  ✗Buffett> 15% arithmetic mean (app rule)

  Operating Margin (10-yr trend)-8.4% (latest)

  ✓BuffettStable or rising over 10 years

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-1.1M

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  Earnings Variance (10-yr CoV)N/A (negative mean EPS)

  ✗BuffettCoV < 0.3

  Retained Earnings Effectiveness

  ✗Buffett$1 retained -> > $1 market value created

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  ROE-38.6%

  ✗Lynch> 15%

  EBIT / Enterprise Value-8.9%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=-8.9%, ROC=N/A (invested capital <= 0)

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Net Income / Total Assets-6.94%

  ✗PiotroskiROA > 0

  ROA Change YoY-6.71% -> -6.94% (delta: -0.23%)

  ✗PiotroskiCurrent ROA > Prior ROA

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=6.85%, ROA=-6.94%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Gross Margin Change YoY56.7% -> 54.4%

  ✗PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Pre-Tax Income / Revenue-23.3%

  ✗Dreman>= 8%

  Net Income / Shareholders' Equity-38.6%

  ✗Dreman> 12%

  Margin of SafetyP/B=1.5x

  ✓PabraiP/B < 1.5 or P/E < 15

  Return on Equity-9.8% (3-yr avg)

  ✗AkreROE > 20% (3-year avg)

  Discount to Intrinsic ValueN/A (negative normalized EPS)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Positive Net Income Frequency3/11 years positive

  ✗MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  Operating Income / Revenue-22.7%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  Net Income / Shareholders Equity-38.6%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  5-Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Operating Margin Trend-1.3% (2023) -> -8.4% (2025)

  ✗TempletonNon-negative operating-margin trend over 3 years

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 56.9% -> 54.4%, operating margin -1.3% -> -8.4%

  ✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  Net income / market capitalization-21.03%; #4592/6340 (top 72.4%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Gross profit / total assets+37.65%; #1051/3702 (top 28.4%)

  ✓AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Net income / positive book equity-38.64%; #4061/5226 (top 77.7%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Negative 5-year standard deviation of ROA-0.0462; #2483/5884 (top 42.2%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR51.3% over 3 years

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized

  Positive Diluted-EPS Years3/10 years positive

  ✗Schloss>= 70% positive over 5-10 observed years (app rule)
• Valuation8% pass✓ 5✗ 23▾

  12 of 13 flag SSTI's valuation — Graham, Lynch, Greenblatt +9 more

  Price / Book Value per Share1.5x

  ✗Dreman< 1.2x✓Templeton< 1.5x✗SchlossP/B <= 0.80x (app cutoff)

  Price / 3-yr avg EPS

  ✗Graham<= 15x

  Price-to-Book Ratio1.5x

  ✓Graham<= 1.5x

  P/E x P/B

  ✗Graham<= 22.5

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  EBIT / Enterprise Value-8.9%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=-8.9%, ROC=N/A (invested capital <= 0)

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Price / EPS

  ✗Dreman< 12x✗Templeton< 12x (fixed ceiling; proxy for the market's cheapest 40%)

  Price / (CFO / Shares)11.5x

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  Valuation Reasonableness

  ✗MungerP/E < 25 or Owner Earnings Yield > 5%

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=4.4%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  P/B or P/E vs. Historical AverageP/B=1.5x

  ✓MarksP/E < 15 or P/B < 2.0

  Discount to Intrinsic ValueN/A (negative normalized EPS)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Price / FCF per Share22.0x

  ✓Ackman<= 25

  Price vs. Trailing Low151% of trailing low ($5.47)

  ✗Templeton<= 120% of trailing low (certified split-adjusted live window)

  Net income / market capitalization-21.03%; #4592/6340 (top 72.4%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Positive book equity / market capitalization+0.5443; #2715/6449 (top 42.1%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Price / Diluted EPS

  ✗NeffP/E <= 15x (app proxy for a P/E 40%-60% below the market)

  (EPS CAGR % + Dividend Yield %) / P/E

  ✗Neff> 0.7 (Neff's published traditional edge)

  Price / Tangible Book Value per Share12.41x

  ✗SchlossP/TBV <= 1.00x (app cutoff)

  Book Value per Share Change+89.2%

  ✓SchlossLatest BVPS >= earliest BVPS over >= 3 years (app rule)

  Revenue / market capitalization+0.8948; #1893/5247 (top 36.1%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization-2.56%; #2802/4519 (top 62.0%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Trailing six-month price return through the evaluation date+33.01%; #956/6202 (top 15.4%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Efficiency13% pass✓ 2✗ 9▾

  7 of 8 flag SSTI's efficiency — Graham, Buffett, Greenblatt +4 more

  Current Ratio0.71

  ✗Graham>= 2.0

  ROIC (3-5 yr avg)-7.5%

  ✗Buffett> 10%

  ROIC - WACC-17.5%

  ✗BuffettPositive (WACC = 10%)

  EBIT / (NWC + Net Fixed Assets)N/A (invested capital <= 0)

  ✗Greenblatt> 25%

  Current Ratio Change YoY0.78 -> 0.85

  ✓PiotroskiIncreased YoY

  Revenue / Total Assets Change YoY0.75x -> 0.77x

  ✓PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities0.71

  ✗Dreman> 1.5

  Return on Invested Capital-27.6%

  ✗Munger> 15%

  ROIC (high and growing)FY2023: ROIC=-1.2%; FY2024: ROIC=-8.1%; FY2025: ROIC=-9.1%

  ✗AkreLatest 3 consecutive FYs: ROIC > 15% in each

  Reinvestment Rate x ROICN/A (non-positive net income)

  ✗AkreReinvestment Rate * ROIC > 10%

  ROIC (5-year)0/3 years above 12% (latest -9.1%)

  ✗SleepROIC > 12% in a majority of years
• Verdicts20% pass✓ 3✗ 12▾

  Split decision: 12 FAIL · 3 PASS · 1 NEUTRAL

  Overall verdict

  ✗GrahamFAIL (1/9)✗BuffettFAIL (1/9)✗LynchFAIL (2/7)•GreenblattNot ranked✓PiotroskiPASS (F-Score 5)✗DremanFAIL (2/11)✗MungerFAIL (1/4)✗PabraiFAIL (1/3)✗AkreFAIL (2/6)✗MarksFAIL (2/5)✓AckmanPASS (4/9)✗TempletonFAIL (3/8)✓SleepPASS (3/6)✗AsnessFAIL (Rank #1127/2370 (Top 47.6%))✗NeffFAIL (1/6)✗SchlossFAIL (2/7)•OshaughnessyNEUTRAL (Not ranked)
• Cash Flow30% pass✓ 5✗ 7▾

  7 of 10 flag SSTI's cash flow — Buffett, Lynch, Dreman +4 more

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-1.1M

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  FCF Positive and Growing$-2.8M

  ✗LynchPositive and growing

  Operating Cash Flow$9.3M

  ✓PiotroskiCFO > 0

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=6.85%, ROA=-6.94%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Price / (CFO / Shares)11.5x

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=4.4%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  FCF Positive7/11 years FCF positive

  ✓MarksPositive FCF in majority of recent years

  (OCF - CapEx) / Market Cap-2.6%

  ✗Ackman>= 4%

  Price / FCF per Share22.0x

  ✓Ackman<= 25

  Positive Operating Cash Flow frequency9/11 years positive

  ✓SleepPositive OCF in >= 70% of available years

  Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures$-2.8M

  ✗Neff> $0 (app proxy for a strong fundamental case)

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization-2.56%; #2802/4519 (top 62.0%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Debt & Leverage50% pass✓ 9✗ 6▾

  6 of 12 pass — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +3 more object

  LT Debt vs Net Current Assets

  ✗GrahamLT Debt <= Net Current Assets

  Debt/Equity & Interest CoverageD/E: 0.06, IC: -31.1x

  ✗BuffettD/E < 0.5 AND Interest Coverage > 5x

  Total Debt / Equity0.07

  ✓Lynch< 0.33

  Cash - Long-term Debt

  ✗LynchPositive preferred

  LT Debt / Total Assets Change0.00% -> 0.00%

  ✓PiotroskiDecreased YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities0.71

  ✗Dreman> 1.5✗SchlossCurrent ratio >= 1.50x (app cutoff)

  Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity0.07

  ✓Dreman< 0.8✓Templeton< 1.0 (fixed cap; proxy for below-sector-median leverage)✓SchlossD/E < 1.00x

  Debt Levels0.07

  ✓MungerDebt/Equity < 0.5✓AkreDebt/Equity < 0.3

  Interest Coverage & Debt/EBITDAIC=-31.1x, D/EBITDA=N/A (D&A unavailable)

  ✗MarksInterest Coverage > 3x; Debt/EBITDA < 4x

  Total Debt / Shareholders Equity0.07

  ✓Ackman<= 1.0

  Negative debt-to-equity (higher means less debt)-0.0672; #1116/4210 (top 26.5%)

  ✓AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section
• Valuation models50% pass✓ 1✗ 1▾

  Models split on SSTI at $8.26 — fair values range $6.82–$9.29

  Munger fair value$6.82

  ✗Munger-21.1% margin vs $8.26

  Ackman fair value$9.29

  ✓Ackman+11.1% margin vs $8.26