VISA INC.

V
About the company

Visa Inc. operates as a payment technology company in the United States and internationally. The company operates VisaNet, a transaction processing network that enables authorization, clearing, and settlement of payment transactions.

Country: United StatesPrice: $425.76Market Cap: $794.4B

Investment snapshot

29%positive consensus
Scored 1d ago

Positive

5

BUY / PASS

Neutral / negative

3 / 8

NEUTRAL / FAIL

Median fair value

—

No comparable estimates

Models with upside

0 / 17

Positive margin of safety

Strongest signal

6 of 10 pass — Dreman, Pabrai, Ackman +1 more object

Key risk

All 13 investors flag V's valuation

Framework analysis

VerdictMeaning
BUYPositive purchase signal: the framework's buy requirements are met.
PASSThe company clears the framework's checklist or screen, but the framework does not produce a buy signal. For valuation frameworks this often means margin of safety is missing, insufficient, or unavailable; some screen-only frameworks have no intrinsic-value BUY state.
NEUTRALNeither a positive nor negative conclusion. It does not mean to hold an existing position.
FAILThe company does not clear the framework's requirements.
RankedRanked strategies do not use PASS: selected cohort is BUY, outside the cohort is FAIL, and unranked is NEUTRAL.

Current investor scores use trailing 12-month flows and the latest balance sheet where supported. Multi-year and EPS tests retain annual history; each framework shows its financial basis below. Intrinsic values use annual financials.

MetricGraham

Defensive Value

Buffett

Quality Compounder

Lynch

GARP

Greenblatt

Magic Formula

Piotroski

F-Score

Dreman

Contrarian Value

Munger

Quality Focus

Pabrai

Dhandho Framework

Akre

Three-Legged Stool

Marks

Risk-Aware Value

Ackman

Activist Value

Templeton

Global Bargain Hunter

Sleep

Scale Economies Shared

Asness

Systematic Factors

Neff

Low-P/E Total Return

Schloss

Asset-Value Discipline

O'Shaughnessy

Systematic Factor Composite

VerdictFAILPASSFAILNot rankedPASSFAILPASSFAILBUYFAILPASSFAILNEUTRALNEUTRALFAILFAILNEUTRAL
Score
AnalysisChecking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…Checking access…
Intrinsic Value (annual)N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Margin of SafetyN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Financial Basis

TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 · Annual history · FY 2025

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Annual history · FY 2025 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 vs 2025-09-30 · TTM ended 2026-09-30

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

TTM ended 2026-09-30

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Annual history · FY 2025

Latest source filing: 2025-11-06

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 · Market data at 2026-11-01

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Qualitative assessment · Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Qualitative assessment · Annual history · FY 2025

Latest source filing: 2025-11-06

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Annual history · FY 2025 · Qualitative assessment · TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Qualitative assessment

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 · Market data at 2026-11-01

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Annual history · FY 2025 · Price history 2025-01-01–2026-11-01 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Annual history · FY 2025 · Qualitative assessment

Latest source filing: 2025-11-06

Score computed: 2026-11-14

TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 · Price history 2025-01-01–2026-11-01 · Annual history · FY 2025

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Annual history · FY 2025 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Annual history · FY 2025 · Price history 2025-01-01–2026-11-01

Latest source filing: 2026-11-05

Score computed: 2026-11-14

Where It Passes

  • Cash Flow60% pass✓ 7✗ 5▾

    6 of 10 pass — Dreman, Pabrai, Ackman +1 more object

    Free Cash Flow Proxy$20.1B
    ✓BuffettPositive and growing
    FCF Positive and Growing$22.1B
    ✓LynchPositive and growing
    Operating Cash Flow$23.1B
    ✓PiotroskiCFO > 0
    (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=23.15%, ROA=20.13%
    ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA
    Price / (CFO / Shares)
    ✗Dreman< 8x
    P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=2.7%
    ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%
    FCF Positive20/20 years FCF positive
    ✓MarksPositive FCF in majority of recent years
    (OCF - CapEx) / Market Cap
    ✗Ackman>= 4%
    Price / FCF per Share
    ✗Ackman<= 25
    Positive Operating Cash Flow frequency21/21 years positive
    ✓SleepPositive OCF in >= 70% of available years
    Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures$22.1B
    ✓Neff> $0 (app proxy for a strong fundamental case)
    (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization+2.78%; #2087/4519 (top 46.2%)
    ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

Where It Falls Short

  • Valuation0% pass✗ 28▾

    All 13 investors flag V's valuation

    Price / 3-yr avg EPS
    ✗Graham<= 15x
    Price-to-Book Ratio
    ✗Graham<= 1.5x
    P/E x P/B
    ✗Graham<= 22.5
    Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)
    ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)
    EBIT / Enterprise Value3.5%
    ✗Greenblatt> 10%
    Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=3.5%, ROC=N/A (invested capital <= 0)
    ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%
    Price / EPS
    ✗Dreman< 12x✗Templeton< 12x (fixed ceiling; proxy for the market's cheapest 40%)
    Price / (CFO / Shares)
    ✗Dreman< 8x
    Price / Book Value per Share
    ✗Dreman< 1.2x✗Templeton< 1.5x✗SchlossP/B <= 0.80x (app cutoff)
    Valuation Reasonableness
    ✗MungerP/E < 25 or Owner Earnings Yield > 5%
    P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=2.7%
    ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%
    P/B or P/E vs. Historical Average
    ✗MarksP/E < 15 or P/B < 2.0
    Discount to Intrinsic Value
    ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value
    Price / FCF per Share
    ✗Ackman<= 25
    Price vs. Trailing Low141% of trailing low ($302.24)
    ✗Templeton<= 120% of trailing low (certified split-adjusted live window)
    Net income / market capitalization+2.96%; #2387/6340 (top 37.6%)
    ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
    Positive book equity / market capitalization+0.0455; #5024/6449 (top 77.9%)
    ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section
    Price / Diluted EPS
    ✗NeffP/E <= 15x (app proxy for a P/E 40%-60% below the market)
    (EPS CAGR % + Dividend Yield %) / P/E
    ✗Neff> 0.7 (Neff's published traditional edge)
    Price / Tangible Book Value per Share
    ✗SchlossP/TBV <= 1.00x (app cutoff)
    Book Value per Share Change
    ✗SchlossLatest BVPS >= earliest BVPS over >= 3 years (app rule)
    Revenue / market capitalization+0.0578; #4529/5247 (top 86.3%)
    ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
    (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization+2.78%; #2087/4519 (top 46.2%)
    ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
    Trailing six-month price return through the evaluation date+39.89%; #815/6202 (top 13.1%)
    ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
  • Growth13% pass✓ 4✗ 9▾

    7 of 8 flag V's growth — Graham, Lynch, Dreman +4 more

    EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)
    ✗Graham>= 33% growth
    Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)
    ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)
    3-5 Year EPS CAGR
    ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass
    Inventory Growth vs Revenue GrowthN/A (no inventory)
    ✓LynchInventory growth < Revenue growth
    EPS Growth Direction
    ✗DremanPositive over recent years
    EPS CAGR
    ✗Dreman> 5% annualized
    Positive Net Income Frequency22/22 years positive
    ✓MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years
    3yr Median Revenue Growth11.3%
    ✓Ackman>= 5%
    Positive EPS Growth Frequency
    ✗AckmanPositive EPS growth in >= 3 of last 5 years
    5-Year EPS CAGR
    ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)
    Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendrevenue up, operating margin 64.3% -> 60.0%
    ✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding
    5-year Revenue CAGR12.9%
    ✓SleepCAGR > 7%
    3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR
    ✗Neff7%-20% annualized
  • Profitability19% pass✓ 13✗ 22▾

    13 of 16 flag V's profitability — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +10 more

    Positive EPS (10 years)1/23 years positive
    ✗GrahamPositive EPS every year for 10 years
    EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)
    ✗Graham>= 33% growth
    Net Income Positive (10+ years)22/23 years positive
    ✗BuffettPositive every year for 10+ years
    ROE (up to 5-year arithmetic mean)44.5%
    ✓Buffett> 15% arithmetic mean (app rule)
    Operating Margin (10-yr trend)60.0% (latest)
    ✗BuffettStable or rising over 10 years
    Free Cash Flow Proxy$20.1B
    ✓BuffettPositive and growing
    Earnings Variance (10-yr CoV)
    ✗BuffettCoV < 0.3
    Retained Earnings Effectiveness
    ✗Buffett$1 retained -> > $1 market value created
    Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)
    ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)
    3-5 Year EPS CAGR
    ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass
    ROE65.1%
    ✓Lynch> 15%
    EBIT / Enterprise Value3.5%
    ✗Greenblatt> 10%
    Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=3.5%, ROC=N/A (invested capital <= 0)
    ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%
    Net Income / Total Assets20.13%
    ✓PiotroskiROA > 0
    ROA Change YoY20.89% -> 20.13% (delta: -0.76%)
    ✗PiotroskiCurrent ROA > Prior ROA
    (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=23.15%, ROA=20.13%
    ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA
    Gross Margin Change YoY
    ✗PiotroskiImproved YoY
    Pre-Tax Income / Revenue61.2%
    ✓Dreman>= 8%
    Net Income / Shareholders' Equity65.1%
    ✓Dreman> 12%
    Margin of Safety
    ✗PabraiP/B < 1.5 or P/E < 15
    Return on Equity49.3% (3-yr avg)
    ✓AkreROE > 20% (3-year avg)
    Discount to Intrinsic Value
    ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value
    Positive Net Income Frequency22/22 years positive
    ✓MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years
    Operating Income / Revenue61.2%
    ✓Ackman>= 15%
    Net Income / Shareholders Equity65.1%
    ✓Ackman>= 15%
    5-Year EPS CAGR
    ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)
    Operating Margin Trend64.3% (2023) -> 60.0% (2025)
    ✗TempletonNon-negative operating-margin trend over 3 years
    Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendrevenue up, operating margin 64.3% -> 60.0%
    ✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding
    Net income / market capitalization+2.96%; #2387/6340 (top 37.6%)
    ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
    Gross profit / total assets
    ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section
    Net income / positive book equity+65.09%; #155/5226 (top 3.0%)
    ✓AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section
    Negative 5-year standard deviation of ROA-0.0215; #1526/5884 (top 25.9%)
    ✓AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section
    3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR
    ✗Neff7%-20% annualized
    Positive Diluted-EPS Years
    ✗Schloss>= 70% positive over 5-10 observed years (app rule)
  • Debt & Leverage33% pass✓ 6✗ 9▾

    8 of 12 flag V's debt & leverage — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +5 more

    LT Debt vs Net Current AssetsLT Debt $19.4B vs NCA $-1.1B
    ✗GrahamLT Debt <= Net Current Assets
    Debt/Equity & Interest CoverageD/E: 0.61, IC: 37.1x
    ✗BuffettD/E < 0.5 AND Interest Coverage > 5x
    Total Debt / Equity0.61
    ✗Lynch< 0.33
    Cash - Long-term Debt$-6.4B
    ✗LynchPositive preferred
    LT Debt / Total Assets Change22.05% -> 19.68%
    ✓PiotroskiDecreased YoY
    Current Assets / Current Liabilities0.97
    ✗Dreman> 1.5✗SchlossCurrent ratio >= 1.50x (app cutoff)
    Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity0.61
    ✓Dreman< 0.8✓Templeton< 1.0 (fixed cap; proxy for below-sector-median leverage)✓SchlossD/E < 1.00x
    Debt Levels0.61
    ✗MungerDebt/Equity < 0.5✗AkreDebt/Equity < 0.3
    Interest Coverage & Debt/EBITDAIC=37.1x, D/EBITDA=0.7x
    ✓MarksInterest Coverage > 3x; Debt/EBITDA < 4x
    Total Debt / Shareholders Equity0.61
    ✓Ackman<= 1.0
    Negative debt-to-equity (higher means less debt)-0.6112; #2685/4210 (top 63.8%)
    ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section
  • Verdicts38% pass✓ 5✗ 8▾

    Split decision: 8 FAIL · 4 PASS · 3 NEUTRAL · 1 BUY

    Overall verdict
    ✗GrahamFAIL (2/9)✓BuffettPASS (4/9)✗LynchFAIL (3/7)•GreenblattNot ranked✓PiotroskiPASS (F-Score 5)✗DremanFAIL (4/11)✓MungerPASS (2/4)✗PabraiFAIL (1/3)✓AkreBUY (5/6)✗MarksFAIL (3/5)✓AckmanPASS (5/9)✗TempletonFAIL (3/8)•SleepNEUTRAL (4/6)•AsnessNEUTRAL (Not ranked)✗NeffFAIL (2/6)✗SchlossFAIL (2/7)•OshaughnessyNEUTRAL (Not ranked)
  • Efficiency50% pass✓ 7✗ 4▾

    4 of 8 pass — Graham, Greenblatt, Piotroski +1 more object

    Current Ratio0.97
    ✗Graham>= 2.0
    ROIC (3-5 yr avg)36.7%
    ✓Buffett> 10%
    ROIC - WACC+26.7%
    ✓BuffettPositive (WACC = 10%)
    EBIT / (NWC + Net Fixed Assets)N/A (invested capital <= 0)
    ✗Greenblatt> 25%
    Current Ratio Change YoY1.28 -> 1.08
    ✗PiotroskiIncreased YoY
    Revenue / Total Assets Change YoY0.38x -> 0.40x
    ✓PiotroskiImproved YoY
    Current Assets / Current Liabilities0.97
    ✗Dreman> 1.5
    Return on Invested Capital38.2%
    ✓Munger> 15%
    ROIC (high and growing)FY2023: ROIC=28.0%; FY2024: ROIC=31.1%; FY2025: ROIC=30.0%
    ✓AkreLatest 3 consecutive FYs: ROIC > 15% in each
    Reinvestment Rate x ROIC29.9% (RR=78% x ROIC=38.2%)
    ✓AkreReinvestment Rate * ROIC > 10%
    ROIC (5-year)5/5 years above 12% (latest 30.0%)
    ✓SleepROIC > 12% in a majority of years

Business & financials

Financial snapshot: annual FY 2025. Current investor scores may use newer quarterly data.

Company Profile

Industry: Business Services
Size: Mega Cap($794.4B)
Revenue: $40.0B+11.3% YoY
Net Income: $20.1B+1.6% YoY

Financial Snapshot

Operating Margin60.0%
Return on Equity52.9%
Debt / Equity0.66
Current Ratio1.08
Buybacks (1y)$18.3B
Buybacks (2y)$35.0B

Shareholder Return

Fiscal 2025

Share retirement not available for this company.

Buybacks
$18.3B
Dividends
$4.6B

Company Financials

Latest TTM and quarters alongside annual years

TTM sums four consecutive quarters and uses the latest quarter-end balances. Quarter columns show three-month results; annual columns show full-year totals. Growth compares the same period a year earlier. EPS is not added for TTM; full-year ratios are blank for quarters.

The latest annual period end is unavailable. Showing the latest fiscal cycle’s quarters; quarter and annual columns may overlap. Quarterly shows the full quarter history.

MetricTTM · 2026-09-30

2025-10-01 – 2026-09-30

Sources · derived quarter values

Derived from cumulative filings: operating cash flow, capex, dividends paid, buybacks, revenue, net income, operating income, ebit, pre tax income, interest expense, depreciation amortization.

Q4 FY 2026

2026-07-01 – 2026-09-30

Sources · derived quarter values

Derived from cumulative filings: revenue, net income, operating income, ebit, pre tax income, interest expense, operating cash flow, depreciation amortization, capex, dividends paid, buybacks.

Q3 FY 2026

2026-04-01 – 2026-06-30

Sources · derived quarter values

Derived from cumulative filings: operating cash flow, capex, dividends paid, buybacks.

Q2 FY 2026

2026-01-01 – 2026-03-31

Sources · derived quarter values

Derived from cumulative filings: operating cash flow, capex, dividends paid, buybacks.

Q1 FY 2026

2025-10-01 – 2025-12-31

Sources
FY 2025
Sources
  • 10-K · 2025-11-06
FY 2024
Sources
  • 10-K · 2024-11-13
FY 2023
Sources
  • 10-K · 2023-11-15
FY 2022
Sources
  • 10-K · 2022-11-16
FY 2021
Sources
  • 10-K · 2021-11-18
Market Cap$794.4Bcurrent------------------
Revenue$45.9B↑15%$12.1B↑13%$11.6B↑14%$11.2B↑17%$10.9B↑15%$40.0B↑11%$35.9B↑10%$32.7B↑11%$29.3B↑22%$24.1B
Operating Income$28.1B↑17%$7.3B↑18%$6.9B↑11%$7.2B↑33%$6.7B↑8%$24.0B↑2%$23.6B↑12%$21.0B↑12%$18.8B↑19%$15.8B
Net Income$23.5B↑17%$6.0B↑18%$5.6B↑7%$6.0B↑32%$5.9B↑14%$20.1B↑2%$19.7B↑14%$17.3B↑15%$15.0B↑21%$12.3B
EPS (Diluted)--------------------
Gross Margin——————————
Operating Margin61.2%↑2%59.8%↑4%59.1%↓3%64.4%↑14%61.8%↓6%60.0%↓9%65.7%↑2%64.3%64.2%↓2%65.6%
ROE65.1%↑23%————52.9%↑5%50.4%↑13%44.6%↑6%42.0%↑28%32.8%
Total Debt$22.1B↓12%$22.1B↓12%$23.9B↓5%$24.0B↑15%$21.2B↑3%$25.2B↑21%$20.8B↑2%$20.5B↓9%$22.4B↑7%$21.0B
Shareholders' Equity$36.1B↓5%$36.1B↓5%$35.2B↓9%$35.7B↓6%$38.8B↑1%$37.9B↓3%$39.1B↑1%$38.7B↑9%$35.6B↓5%$37.6B
Current Ratio0.97↓10%0.97↓10%0.99↓12%1.091.11↓1%1.08↓16%1.28↓12%1.451.45↓17%1.75
Debt / Equity0.61↓8%0.61↓8%0.68↑4%0.67↑23%0.55↑1%0.66↑25%0.53↑1%0.53↓16%0.63↑13%0.56
Operating Cash Flow$23.7B↑3%$7.4B↑18%$6.6B↓3%$3.0B↓36%$6.8B↑26%$23.1B↑16%$19.9B↓4%$20.8B↑10%$18.8B↑24%$15.2B
Free Cash Flow$22.1B↑2%$6.9B↑18%$6.1B↓3%$2.6B↓40%$6.4B↑27%$21.6B↑15%$18.7B↓5%$19.7B↑10%$17.9B↑23%$14.5B

Score history

Historical Score Timeline

Industry peers

Industry Peers

Similar companies in Business Services

V vs Peers — Financial Grading

Revenue$40.0BTop 25%
Net Income$20.1BTop 25%
ROE52.9%Median
D/E0.66Top 25%
Op. Margin60.0%Top 25%
Curr. Ratio1.08Median
CompanyMarket CapPriceRevenueNet IncomeROED/EOp. MarginCurr. RatioGrahamBuffettLynchGreenblattPiotroskiDreman
AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING INCADP$122.3B$309.93$21.9B$4.4B73.2%0.8224.2%1.054/95/93/70/3F-Score 65/11
ELECTRONIC ARTS INC.EA$52.9B$209.70$7.5B$887.0M13.1%0.2215.4%1.051/94/94/70/3F-Score 66/11
Rubrik, Inc.RBRK$22.6B$109.88$1.3B$348.8M67.1%—-26.2%1.691/90/92/70/3F-Score 62/11
AECOMACM$9.1B$70.50$16.1B$561.8M22.5%1.096.4%1.141/93/93/71/3F-Score 82/11
COMMVAULT SYSTEMS INCCVLT$6.2B$152.07$1.2B$70.7M942.8%—6.3%1.951/92/94/70/3F-Score 66/11
WPP plcWPP$6.0B$27.79$18.2B$289.5M-8.5%1.942.8%0.891/92/91/70/3F-Score 32/11
VARONIS SYSTEMS INCVRNS$5.6B$48.94$623.5M$129.3M-21.6%0.76-23.5%1.971/90/91/70/3F-Score 51/11
ROBERT HALF INC.RHI$4.3B$42.00$5.4B$133.0M10.4%—1.4%1.532/95/91/70/3F-Score 52/11