VISA INC.
VAbout the company
Visa Inc. operates as a payment technology company in the United States and internationally. The company operates VisaNet, a transaction processing network that enables authorization, clearing, and settlement of payment transactions.
Investment snapshot
Positive
5
BUY / PASS
Neutral / negative
3 / 8
NEUTRAL / FAIL
Median fair value
—
No comparable estimates
Models with upside
0 / 17
Positive margin of safety
Strongest signal
6 of 10 pass — Dreman, Pabrai, Ackman +1 more object
Key risk
All 13 investors flag V's valuation
Framework analysis
| Verdict | Meaning |
|---|---|
| BUY | Positive purchase signal: the framework's buy requirements are met. |
| PASS | The company clears the framework's checklist or screen, but the framework does not produce a buy signal. For valuation frameworks this often means margin of safety is missing, insufficient, or unavailable; some screen-only frameworks have no intrinsic-value BUY state. |
| NEUTRAL | Neither a positive nor negative conclusion. It does not mean to hold an existing position. |
| FAIL | The company does not clear the framework's requirements. |
| Ranked | Ranked strategies do not use PASS: selected cohort is BUY, outside the cohort is FAIL, and unranked is NEUTRAL. |
Current investor scores use trailing 12-month flows and the latest balance sheet where supported. Multi-year and EPS tests retain annual history; each framework shows its financial basis below. Intrinsic values use annual financials.
| Metric | Graham Defensive Value | Buffett Quality Compounder | Lynch GARP | Greenblatt Magic Formula | Piotroski F-Score | Dreman Contrarian Value | Munger Quality Focus | Pabrai Dhandho Framework | Akre Three-Legged Stool | Marks Risk-Aware Value | Ackman Activist Value | Templeton Global Bargain Hunter | Sleep Scale Economies Shared | Asness Systematic Factors | Neff Low-P/E Total Return | Schloss Asset-Value Discipline | O'Shaughnessy Systematic Factor Composite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verdict | FAIL | PASS | FAIL | Not ranked | PASS | FAIL | PASS | FAIL | BUY | FAIL | PASS | FAIL | NEUTRAL | NEUTRAL | FAIL | FAIL | NEUTRAL |
| Score | |||||||||||||||||
| Analysis | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… | Checking access… |
| Intrinsic Value (annual) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Margin of Safety | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Financial Basis | TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 · Annual history · FY 2025 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Annual history · FY 2025 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 vs 2025-09-30 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | TTM ended 2026-09-30 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Annual history · FY 2025 Latest source filing: 2025-11-06 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 · Market data at 2026-11-01 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Qualitative assessment · Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Qualitative assessment · Annual history · FY 2025 Latest source filing: 2025-11-06 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Annual history · FY 2025 · Qualitative assessment · TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Qualitative assessment Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 · Market data at 2026-11-01 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Annual history · FY 2025 · Price history 2025-01-01–2026-11-01 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Annual history · FY 2025 · Qualitative assessment Latest source filing: 2025-11-06 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 · Price history 2025-01-01–2026-11-01 · Annual history · FY 2025 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Annual history · FY 2025 · TTM ended 2026-09-30 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | Annual history · FY 2025 · Balance sheet at 2026-09-30 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 | TTM ended 2026-09-30 · Annual history · FY 2025 · Price history 2025-01-01–2026-11-01 Latest source filing: 2026-11-05 Score computed: 2026-11-14 |
Where It Passes
- Cash Flow60% pass✓ 7✗ 5▾
6 of 10 pass — Dreman, Pabrai, Ackman +1 more object
Free Cash Flow Proxy$20.1B✓BuffettPositive and growingFCF Positive and Growing$22.1B✓LynchPositive and growingOperating Cash Flow$23.1B✓PiotroskiCFO > 0(CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=23.15%, ROA=20.13%✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROAPrice / (CFO / Shares)✗Dreman< 8xP/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=2.7%✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%FCF Positive20/20 years FCF positive✓MarksPositive FCF in majority of recent years(OCF - CapEx) / Market Cap✗Ackman>= 4%Price / FCF per Share✗Ackman<= 25Positive Operating Cash Flow frequency21/21 years positive✓SleepPositive OCF in >= 70% of available yearsOperating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures$22.1B✓Neff> $0 (app proxy for a strong fundamental case)(Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization+2.78%; #2087/4519 (top 46.2%)✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
Where It Falls Short
- Valuation0% pass✗ 28▾
All 13 investors flag V's valuation
Price / 3-yr avg EPS✗Graham<= 15xPrice-to-Book Ratio✗Graham<= 1.5xP/E x P/B✗Graham<= 22.5Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)EBIT / Enterprise Value3.5%✗Greenblatt> 10%Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=3.5%, ROC=N/A (invested capital <= 0)✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%Price / EPS✗Dreman< 12x✗Templeton< 12x (fixed ceiling; proxy for the market's cheapest 40%)Price / (CFO / Shares)✗Dreman< 8xPrice / Book Value per Share✗Dreman< 1.2x✗Templeton< 1.5x✗SchlossP/B <= 0.80x (app cutoff)Valuation Reasonableness✗MungerP/E < 25 or Owner Earnings Yield > 5%P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=2.7%✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%P/B or P/E vs. Historical Average✗MarksP/E < 15 or P/B < 2.0Discount to Intrinsic Value✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic valuePrice / FCF per Share✗Ackman<= 25Price vs. Trailing Low141% of trailing low ($302.24)✗Templeton<= 120% of trailing low (certified split-adjusted live window)Net income / market capitalization+2.96%; #2387/6340 (top 37.6%)✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-sectionPositive book equity / market capitalization+0.0455; #5024/6449 (top 77.9%)✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-sectionPrice / Diluted EPS✗NeffP/E <= 15x (app proxy for a P/E 40%-60% below the market)(EPS CAGR % + Dividend Yield %) / P/E✗Neff> 0.7 (Neff's published traditional edge)Price / Tangible Book Value per Share✗SchlossP/TBV <= 1.00x (app cutoff)Book Value per Share Change✗SchlossLatest BVPS >= earliest BVPS over >= 3 years (app rule)Revenue / market capitalization+0.0578; #4529/5247 (top 86.3%)✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section(Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization+2.78%; #2087/4519 (top 46.2%)✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-sectionTrailing six-month price return through the evaluation date+39.89%; #815/6202 (top 13.1%)✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section - Growth13% pass✓ 4✗ 9▾
7 of 8 flag V's growth — Graham, Lynch, Dreman +4 more
EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)✗Graham>= 33% growthBasic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)3-5 Year EPS CAGR✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to passInventory Growth vs Revenue GrowthN/A (no inventory)✓LynchInventory growth < Revenue growthEPS Growth Direction✗DremanPositive over recent yearsEPS CAGR✗Dreman> 5% annualizedPositive Net Income Frequency22/22 years positive✓MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years3yr Median Revenue Growth11.3%✓Ackman>= 5%Positive EPS Growth Frequency✗AckmanPositive EPS growth in >= 3 of last 5 years5-Year EPS CAGR✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendrevenue up, operating margin 64.3% -> 60.0%✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding5-year Revenue CAGR12.9%✓SleepCAGR > 7%3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR✗Neff7%-20% annualized - Profitability19% pass✓ 13✗ 22▾
13 of 16 flag V's profitability — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +10 more
Positive EPS (10 years)1/23 years positive✗GrahamPositive EPS every year for 10 yearsEPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)✗Graham>= 33% growthNet Income Positive (10+ years)22/23 years positive✗BuffettPositive every year for 10+ yearsROE (up to 5-year arithmetic mean)44.5%✓Buffett> 15% arithmetic mean (app rule)Operating Margin (10-yr trend)60.0% (latest)✗BuffettStable or rising over 10 yearsFree Cash Flow Proxy$20.1B✓BuffettPositive and growingEarnings Variance (10-yr CoV)✗BuffettCoV < 0.3Retained Earnings Effectiveness✗Buffett$1 retained -> > $1 market value createdBasic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)3-5 Year EPS CAGR✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to passROE65.1%✓Lynch> 15%EBIT / Enterprise Value3.5%✗Greenblatt> 10%Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=3.5%, ROC=N/A (invested capital <= 0)✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%Net Income / Total Assets20.13%✓PiotroskiROA > 0ROA Change YoY20.89% -> 20.13% (delta: -0.76%)✗PiotroskiCurrent ROA > Prior ROA(CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=23.15%, ROA=20.13%✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROAGross Margin Change YoY✗PiotroskiImproved YoYPre-Tax Income / Revenue61.2%✓Dreman>= 8%Net Income / Shareholders' Equity65.1%✓Dreman> 12%Margin of Safety✗PabraiP/B < 1.5 or P/E < 15Return on Equity49.3% (3-yr avg)✓AkreROE > 20% (3-year avg)Discount to Intrinsic Value✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic valuePositive Net Income Frequency22/22 years positive✓MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 yearsOperating Income / Revenue61.2%✓Ackman>= 15%Net Income / Shareholders Equity65.1%✓Ackman>= 15%5-Year EPS CAGR✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)Operating Margin Trend64.3% (2023) -> 60.0% (2025)✗TempletonNon-negative operating-margin trend over 3 yearsRevenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendrevenue up, operating margin 64.3% -> 60.0%✗SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holdingNet income / market capitalization+2.96%; #2387/6340 (top 37.6%)✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-sectionGross profit / total assets✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-sectionNet income / positive book equity+65.09%; #155/5226 (top 3.0%)✓AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-sectionNegative 5-year standard deviation of ROA-0.0215; #1526/5884 (top 25.9%)✓AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR✗Neff7%-20% annualizedPositive Diluted-EPS Years✗Schloss>= 70% positive over 5-10 observed years (app rule) - Debt & Leverage33% pass✓ 6✗ 9▾
8 of 12 flag V's debt & leverage — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +5 more
LT Debt vs Net Current AssetsLT Debt $19.4B vs NCA $-1.1B✗GrahamLT Debt <= Net Current AssetsDebt/Equity & Interest CoverageD/E: 0.61, IC: 37.1x✗BuffettD/E < 0.5 AND Interest Coverage > 5xTotal Debt / Equity0.61✗Lynch< 0.33Cash - Long-term Debt$-6.4B✗LynchPositive preferredLT Debt / Total Assets Change22.05% -> 19.68%✓PiotroskiDecreased YoYCurrent Assets / Current Liabilities0.97✗Dreman> 1.5✗SchlossCurrent ratio >= 1.50x (app cutoff)Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity0.61✓Dreman< 0.8✓Templeton< 1.0 (fixed cap; proxy for below-sector-median leverage)✓SchlossD/E < 1.00xDebt Levels0.61✗MungerDebt/Equity < 0.5✗AkreDebt/Equity < 0.3Interest Coverage & Debt/EBITDAIC=37.1x, D/EBITDA=0.7x✓MarksInterest Coverage > 3x; Debt/EBITDA < 4xTotal Debt / Shareholders Equity0.61✓Ackman<= 1.0Negative debt-to-equity (higher means less debt)-0.6112; #2685/4210 (top 63.8%)✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section - Verdicts38% pass✓ 5✗ 8▾
Split decision: 8 FAIL · 4 PASS · 3 NEUTRAL · 1 BUY
Overall verdict✗GrahamFAIL (2/9)✓BuffettPASS (4/9)✗LynchFAIL (3/7)•GreenblattNot ranked✓PiotroskiPASS (F-Score 5)✗DremanFAIL (4/11)✓MungerPASS (2/4)✗PabraiFAIL (1/3)✓AkreBUY (5/6)✗MarksFAIL (3/5)✓AckmanPASS (5/9)✗TempletonFAIL (3/8)•SleepNEUTRAL (4/6)•AsnessNEUTRAL (Not ranked)✗NeffFAIL (2/6)✗SchlossFAIL (2/7)•OshaughnessyNEUTRAL (Not ranked) - Efficiency50% pass✓ 7✗ 4▾
4 of 8 pass — Graham, Greenblatt, Piotroski +1 more object
Current Ratio0.97✗Graham>= 2.0ROIC (3-5 yr avg)36.7%✓Buffett> 10%ROIC - WACC+26.7%✓BuffettPositive (WACC = 10%)EBIT / (NWC + Net Fixed Assets)N/A (invested capital <= 0)✗Greenblatt> 25%Current Ratio Change YoY1.28 -> 1.08✗PiotroskiIncreased YoYRevenue / Total Assets Change YoY0.38x -> 0.40x✓PiotroskiImproved YoYCurrent Assets / Current Liabilities0.97✗Dreman> 1.5Return on Invested Capital38.2%✓Munger> 15%ROIC (high and growing)FY2023: ROIC=28.0%; FY2024: ROIC=31.1%; FY2025: ROIC=30.0%✓AkreLatest 3 consecutive FYs: ROIC > 15% in eachReinvestment Rate x ROIC29.9% (RR=78% x ROIC=38.2%)✓AkreReinvestment Rate * ROIC > 10%ROIC (5-year)5/5 years above 12% (latest 30.0%)✓SleepROIC > 12% in a majority of years
Business & financials
Financial snapshot: annual FY 2025. Current investor scores may use newer quarterly data.
Company Profile
Financial Snapshot
Shareholder Return
Fiscal 2025
Share retirement not available for this company.
- Buybacks
- $18.3B
- Dividends
- $4.6B
Company Financials
Latest TTM and quarters alongside annual years
TTM sums four consecutive quarters and uses the latest quarter-end balances. Quarter columns show three-month results; annual columns show full-year totals. Growth compares the same period a year earlier. EPS is not added for TTM; full-year ratios are blank for quarters.
The latest annual period end is unavailable. Showing the latest fiscal cycle’s quarters; quarter and annual columns may overlap. Quarterly shows the full quarter history.
| Metric | TTM · 2026-09-30 2025-10-01 – 2026-09-30 Sources · derived quarter valuesDerived from cumulative filings: operating cash flow, capex, dividends paid, buybacks, revenue, net income, operating income, ebit, pre tax income, interest expense, depreciation amortization. | Q4 FY 2026 2026-07-01 – 2026-09-30 Sources · derived quarter valuesDerived from cumulative filings: revenue, net income, operating income, ebit, pre tax income, interest expense, operating cash flow, depreciation amortization, capex, dividends paid, buybacks. | Q3 FY 2026 2026-04-01 – 2026-06-30 Sources · derived quarter valuesDerived from cumulative filings: operating cash flow, capex, dividends paid, buybacks. | Q2 FY 2026 2026-01-01 – 2026-03-31 Sources · derived quarter valuesDerived from cumulative filings: operating cash flow, capex, dividends paid, buybacks. | Q1 FY 2026 2025-10-01 – 2025-12-31 Sources | FY 2025Sources
| FY 2024Sources
| FY 2023Sources
| FY 2022Sources
| FY 2021Sources
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Market Cap | $794.4Bcurrent | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Revenue | $45.9B↑15% | $12.1B↑13% | $11.6B↑14% | $11.2B↑17% | $10.9B↑15% | $40.0B↑11% | $35.9B↑10% | $32.7B↑11% | $29.3B↑22% | $24.1B |
| Operating Income | $28.1B↑17% | $7.3B↑18% | $6.9B↑11% | $7.2B↑33% | $6.7B↑8% | $24.0B↑2% | $23.6B↑12% | $21.0B↑12% | $18.8B↑19% | $15.8B |
| Net Income | $23.5B↑17% | $6.0B↑18% | $5.6B↑7% | $6.0B↑32% | $5.9B↑14% | $20.1B↑2% | $19.7B↑14% | $17.3B↑15% | $15.0B↑21% | $12.3B |
| EPS (Diluted) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Gross Margin | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Operating Margin | 61.2%↑2% | 59.8%↑4% | 59.1%↓3% | 64.4%↑14% | 61.8%↓6% | 60.0%↓9% | 65.7%↑2% | 64.3% | 64.2%↓2% | 65.6% |
| ROE | 65.1%↑23% | — | — | — | — | 52.9%↑5% | 50.4%↑13% | 44.6%↑6% | 42.0%↑28% | 32.8% |
| Total Debt | $22.1B↓12% | $22.1B↓12% | $23.9B↓5% | $24.0B↑15% | $21.2B↑3% | $25.2B↑21% | $20.8B↑2% | $20.5B↓9% | $22.4B↑7% | $21.0B |
| Shareholders' Equity | $36.1B↓5% | $36.1B↓5% | $35.2B↓9% | $35.7B↓6% | $38.8B↑1% | $37.9B↓3% | $39.1B↑1% | $38.7B↑9% | $35.6B↓5% | $37.6B |
| Current Ratio | 0.97↓10% | 0.97↓10% | 0.99↓12% | 1.09 | 1.11↓1% | 1.08↓16% | 1.28↓12% | 1.45 | 1.45↓17% | 1.75 |
| Debt / Equity | 0.61↓8% | 0.61↓8% | 0.68↑4% | 0.67↑23% | 0.55↑1% | 0.66↑25% | 0.53↑1% | 0.53↓16% | 0.63↑13% | 0.56 |
| Operating Cash Flow | $23.7B↑3% | $7.4B↑18% | $6.6B↓3% | $3.0B↓36% | $6.8B↑26% | $23.1B↑16% | $19.9B↓4% | $20.8B↑10% | $18.8B↑24% | $15.2B |
| Free Cash Flow | $22.1B↑2% | $6.9B↑18% | $6.1B↓3% | $2.6B↓40% | $6.4B↑27% | $21.6B↑15% | $18.7B↓5% | $19.7B↑10% | $17.9B↑23% | $14.5B |
Score history
Historical Score Timeline
Industry peers
Industry Peers
Similar companies in Business Services
V vs Peers — Financial Grading
| Company | Market Cap | Price | Revenue | Net Income | ROE | D/E | Op. Margin | Curr. Ratio | Graham | Buffett | Lynch | Greenblatt | Piotroski | Dreman |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING INCADP | $122.3B | $309.93 | $21.9B | $4.4B | 73.2% | 0.82 | 24.2% | 1.05 | 4/9 | 5/9 | 3/7 | 0/3 | F-Score 6 | 5/11 |
| ELECTRONIC ARTS INC.EA | $52.9B | $209.70 | $7.5B | $887.0M | 13.1% | 0.22 | 15.4% | 1.05 | 1/9 | 4/9 | 4/7 | 0/3 | F-Score 6 | 6/11 |
| Rubrik, Inc.RBRK | $22.6B | $109.88 | $1.3B | $348.8M | 67.1% | — | -26.2% | 1.69 | 1/9 | 0/9 | 2/7 | 0/3 | F-Score 6 | 2/11 |
| AECOMACM | $9.1B | $70.50 | $16.1B | $561.8M | 22.5% | 1.09 | 6.4% | 1.14 | 1/9 | 3/9 | 3/7 | 1/3 | F-Score 8 | 2/11 |
| COMMVAULT SYSTEMS INCCVLT | $6.2B | $152.07 | $1.2B | $70.7M | 942.8% | — | 6.3% | 1.95 | 1/9 | 2/9 | 4/7 | 0/3 | F-Score 6 | 6/11 |
| WPP plcWPP | $6.0B | $27.79 | $18.2B | $289.5M | -8.5% | 1.94 | 2.8% | 0.89 | 1/9 | 2/9 | 1/7 | 0/3 | F-Score 3 | 2/11 |
| VARONIS SYSTEMS INCVRNS | $5.6B | $48.94 | $623.5M | $129.3M | -21.6% | 0.76 | -23.5% | 1.97 | 1/9 | 0/9 | 1/7 | 0/3 | F-Score 5 | 1/11 |
| ROBERT HALF INC.RHI | $4.3B | $42.00 | $5.4B | $133.0M | 10.4% | — | 1.4% | 1.53 | 2/9 | 5/9 | 1/7 | 0/3 | F-Score 5 | 2/11 |