NIO Inc.

Where It Passes

Where It Falls Short

• Valuation0% pass✓ 1✗ 27▾

  No clean pass — all 13 investors flag at least one valuation criterion

  Price / 3-yr avg EPS

  ✗Graham<= 15x

  Price-to-Book Ratio12.1x

  ✗Graham<= 1.5x

  P/E x P/B

  ✗Graham<= 22.5

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  EBIT / Enterprise Value-28.7%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=-28.7%, ROC=-105.9%

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Price / EPS

  ✗Dreman< 12x✗Templeton< 12x (fixed ceiling; proxy for the market's cheapest 40%)

  Price / (CFO / Shares)16.8x

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  Price / Book Value per Share12.1x

  ✗Dreman< 1.2x✗Templeton< 1.5x✗SchlossP/B <= 0.80x (app cutoff)

  Valuation ReasonablenessOE Yield=-27.6%

  ✗MungerP/E < 25 or Owner Earnings Yield > 5%

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=-6.0%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  P/B or P/E vs. Historical AverageP/B=12.1x

  ✗MarksP/E < 15 or P/B < 2.0

  Discount to Intrinsic ValueN/A (negative normalized EPS)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Price / FCF per ShareN/A (negative FCF)

  ✗Ackman<= 25

  Price vs. Trailing Low100% of trailing low ($2.90)

  ✓Templeton<= 120% of trailing low (certified split-adjusted live window)

  Net income / market capitalization-29.39%; #4791/6340 (top 75.6%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Positive book equity / market capitalization+0.0818; #4847/6449 (top 75.2%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Price / Diluted EPS

  ✗NeffP/E <= 15x (app proxy for a P/E 40%-60% below the market)

  (EPS CAGR % + Dividend Yield %) / P/E

  ✗Neff> 0.7 (Neff's published traditional edge)

  Price / Tangible Book Value per Share12.14x

  ✗SchlossP/TBV <= 1.00x (app cutoff)

  Book Value per Share Change-91.2%

  ✗SchlossLatest BVPS >= earliest BVPS over >= 3 years (app rule)

  Revenue / market capitalization+1.7210; #1206/5247 (top 23.0%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization-6.04%; #3040/4519 (top 67.3%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Trailing six-month price return through the evaluation date-48.21%; #5091/6202 (top 82.1%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Efficiency0% pass✓ 1✗ 10▾

  No clean pass — all 8 investors flag at least one efficiency criterion

  Current Ratio0.98

  ✗Graham>= 2.0

  ROIC (3-5 yr avg)-388.5%

  ✗Buffett> 10%

  ROIC - WACC-398.5%

  ✗BuffettPositive (WACC = 10%)

  EBIT / (NWC + Net Fixed Assets)-105.9%

  ✗Greenblatt> 25%

  Current Ratio Change YoY0.99 -> 0.98

  ✗PiotroskiIncreased YoY

  Revenue / Total Assets Change YoY0.61x -> 0.70x

  ✓PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities0.98

  ✗Dreman> 1.5

  Return on Invested Capital-82.5%

  ✗Munger> 15%

  ROIC (high and growing)FY2023: ROIC=-41.3%; FY2024: ROIC=-83.1%; FY2025: ROIC=-82.5%

  ✗AkreLatest 3 consecutive FYs: ROIC > 15% in each

  Reinvestment Rate x ROICN/A (non-positive net income)

  ✗AkreReinvestment Rate * ROIC > 10%

  ROIC (5-year)0/5 years above 12% (latest -82.5%)

  ✗SleepROIC > 12% in a majority of years
• Verdicts0% pass✗ 15▾

  Split decision: 14 FAIL · 2 NEUTRAL

  Overall verdict

  ✗GrahamFAIL (1/9)✗BuffettFAIL (0/9)✗LynchFAIL (2/7)✗GreenblattRank #2690•PiotroskiNEUTRAL (F-Score 6)✗DremanFAIL (1/11)✗MungerFAIL (0/4)✗PabraiFAIL (0/3)✗AkreFAIL (1/6)✗MarksFAIL (0/5)✗AckmanFAIL (3/9)✗TempletonFAIL (3/8)✗SleepFAIL (2/6)✗AsnessFAIL (Rank #2334/2370 (Top 98.5%))✗NeffFAIL (1/6)✗SchlossFAIL (0/7)•OshaughnessyNEUTRAL (Not ranked)
• Profitability6% pass✓ 5✗ 30▾

  15 of 16 flag NIO's profitability — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +12 more

  Positive EPS (10 years)0/11 years positive

  ✗GrahamPositive EPS every year for 10 years

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)N/A (negative base EPS)

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Net Income Positive (10+ years)0/11 years positive

  ✗BuffettPositive every year for 10+ years

  ROE (up to 5-year arithmetic mean)-177.6%

  ✗Buffett> 15% arithmetic mean (app rule)

  Operating Margin (10-yr trend)-16.0% (latest)

  ✗BuffettStable or rising over 10 years

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-2.0B

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  Earnings Variance (10-yr CoV)N/A (negative mean EPS)

  ✗BuffettCoV < 0.3

  Retained Earnings Effectiveness

  ✗Buffett$1 retained -> > $1 market value created

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  ROE-359.2%

  ✗Lynch> 15%

  EBIT / Enterprise Value-28.7%

  ✗Greenblatt> 10%

  Earnings Yield + ROC AssessmentEY=-28.7%, ROC=-105.9%

  ✗GreenblattBoth EY > 10% and ROC > 25%

  Net Income / Total Assets-12.01%

  ✗PiotroskiROA > 0

  ROA Change YoY-20.82% -> -12.01% (delta: +8.81%)

  ✓PiotroskiCurrent ROA > Prior ROA

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=2.41%, ROA=-12.01%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Gross Margin Change YoY9.9% -> 13.6%

  ✓PiotroskiImproved YoY

  Pre-Tax Income / Revenue-16.9%

  ✗Dreman>= 8%

  Net Income / Shareholders' Equity-359.2%

  ✗Dreman> 12%

  Margin of SafetyP/B=12.1x

  ✗PabraiP/B < 1.5 or P/E < 15

  Return on Equity-271.9% (3-yr avg)

  ✗AkreROE > 20% (3-year avg)

  Discount to Intrinsic ValueN/A (negative normalized EPS)

  ✗Marks>= 20% below intrinsic value

  Positive Net Income Frequency0/10 years positive

  ✗MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  Operating Income / Revenue-16.0%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  Net Income / Shareholders Equity-359.2%

  ✗Ackman>= 15%

  5-Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Operating Margin Trend-13551.4% (2023) -> -16.0% (2025)

  ✓TempletonNon-negative operating-margin trend over 3 years

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 1825.5% -> 13.6%, operating margin -13551.4% -> -16.0%

  ✓SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  Net income / market capitalization-29.39%; #4791/6340 (top 75.6%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section

  Gross profit / total assets+9.58%; #2835/3702 (top 76.6%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Net income / positive book equity-359.24%; #5021/5226 (top 96.1%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  Negative 5-year standard deviation of ROA-0.0545; #2681/5884 (top 45.6%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized

  Positive Diluted-EPS Years0/10 years positive

  ✗Schloss>= 70% positive over 5-10 observed years (app rule)
• Debt & Leverage8% pass✓ 2✗ 13▾

  11 of 12 flag NIO's debt & leverage — Graham, Buffett, Lynch +8 more

  LT Debt vs Net Current AssetsLT Debt $1.2B vs NCA $-278.7M

  ✗GrahamLT Debt <= Net Current Assets

  Debt/Equity & Interest CoverageD/E: 2.23, IC: -15.9x

  ✗BuffettD/E < 0.5 AND Interest Coverage > 5x

  Total Debt / Equity2.23

  ✗Lynch< 0.33

  Cash - Long-term Debt$378.5M

  ✓LynchPositive preferred

  LT Debt / Total Assets Change10.63% -> 6.93%

  ✓PiotroskiDecreased YoY

  Current Assets / Current Liabilities0.98

  ✗Dreman> 1.5✗SchlossCurrent ratio >= 1.50x (app cutoff)

  Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity2.23

  ✗Dreman< 0.8✗Templeton< 1.0 (fixed cap; proxy for below-sector-median leverage)✗SchlossD/E < 1.00x

  Debt Levels2.23

  ✗MungerDebt/Equity < 0.5✗AkreDebt/Equity < 0.3

  Interest Coverage & Debt/EBITDAIC=-15.9x, D/EBITDA=N/A

  ✗MarksInterest Coverage > 3x; Debt/EBITDA < 4x

  Total Debt / Shareholders Equity2.23

  ✗Ackman<= 1.0

  Negative debt-to-equity (higher means less debt)-2.2316; #3830/4210 (top 91.0%)

  ✗AsnessTop 30% of eligible cross-section
• Cash Flow10% pass✓ 2✗ 10▾

  9 of 10 flag NIO's cash flow — Buffett, Lynch, Dreman +6 more

  Free Cash Flow Proxy$-2.0B

  ✗BuffettPositive and growing

  FCF Positive and Growing$-439.2M

  ✗LynchPositive and growing

  Operating Cash Flow$427.8M

  ✓PiotroskiCFO > 0

  (CFO / Total Assets) vs ROACFO/Assets=2.41%, ROA=-12.01%

  ✓PiotroskiCFO/Assets > ROA

  Price / (CFO / Shares)16.8x

  ✗Dreman< 8x

  P/E or FCF YieldFCF Yield=-6.0%

  ✗PabraiP/E < 15 or FCF Yield > 10%

  FCF Positive1/9 years FCF positive

  ✗MarksPositive FCF in majority of recent years

  (OCF - CapEx) / Market Cap-6.1%

  ✗Ackman>= 4%

  Price / FCF per ShareN/A (negative FCF)

  ✗Ackman<= 25

  Positive Operating Cash Flow frequency3/10 years positive

  ✗SleepPositive OCF in >= 70% of available years

  Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures$-439.2M

  ✗Neff> $0 (app proxy for a strong fundamental case)

  (Operating cash flow - capex) / market capitalization-6.04%; #3040/4519 (top 67.3%)

  ✗OshaughnessyTop 10% of eligible cross-section
• Growth13% pass✓ 4✗ 9▾

  7 of 8 flag NIO's growth — Graham, Lynch, Dreman +4 more

  EPS Growth (3-yr avg, 10-yr window)N/A (negative base EPS)

  ✗Graham>= 33% growth

  Basic earnings-growth PEG (dividends excluded)

  ✗Lynch< 1.0 (ideally < 0.5)

  3-5 Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Lynch15-30% (Fast Grower); > 0% to pass

  Inventory Growth vs Revenue GrowthInv: 25.6% vs Rev: 38.8%

  ✓LynchInventory growth < Revenue growth

  EPS Growth Direction$-30.33 (2016) -> $-0.98 (2025)

  ✗DremanPositive over recent years

  EPS CAGR

  ✗Dreman> 5% annualized

  Positive Net Income Frequency0/10 years positive

  ✗MarksPositive net income in >= 7 of last 10 years

  3yr Median Revenue Growth38.8%

  ✓Ackman>= 5%

  Positive EPS Growth Frequency2/5 years with positive EPS growth

  ✗AckmanPositive EPS growth in >= 3 of last 5 years

  5-Year EPS CAGR

  ✗Templeton> 0% (5-year EPS CAGR)

  Revenue growth vs. gross and operating margin trendgross margin 1825.5% -> 13.6%, operating margin -13551.4% -> -16.0%

  ✓SleepRevenue rising; gross margin flat or falling; operating margin holding

  5-year Revenue CAGR38.1%

  ✓SleepCAGR > 7%

  3-5 Year Diluted EPS CAGR

  ✗Neff7%-20% annualized